1、UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULMarch 6, 20091SUBJECT 2591OUTLINE OF INVESTIGATIONFORBATTERY SEPARATORSIssue Number: 1MARCH 6, 2009Summary of TopicsThis is the first issue of the Outline of Investigation for Battery Separatorsa
2、nd covers requirements for separators for use in lithium ion cells.The UL Foreword is no longer located within the UL Standard. For informationconcerning the use and application of the requirements contained in thisStandard, the current version of the UL Foreword is located onULStandardsInfoNet at:
3、http:/ 2009 UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES INC.UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULMARCH 6, 2009SUBJECT 25912No Text on This PageUL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULCO
4、NTENTSINTRODUCTION1 Scope .42 Units of Measurement .43 References .44 Glossary .4CONSTRUCTION5 General 5PERFORMANCE6 Identification Tests of the Separator .56.1 Transfer properties: permeability .56.2 Dimensional properties: thickness 56.3 Chemical properties: material identification 67 Mechanical S
5、trength Properties of the Separator 67.1 Tensile strength 67.2 Puncture strength 68 Thermal Tests of the Separator .78.1 Dimensional stability 78.2 Shutdown temperature 88.3 Melt temperature .9MARKINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS9 Markings .910 Instructions 10APPENDIX AStandards for ComponentsA1MARCH 6, 2009 S
6、UBJECT 2591 3UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULINTRODUCTION1 Scope1.1 These requirements cover separators for use in lithium ion cells.1.2 These separators are intended to provide electrical insulation between the lithium-ion cel
7、l electrodeswhile still allowing for ion transport between the electrodes, when filled with electrolyte.2 Units of Measurement2.1 Values stated without parentheses are the requirement. Values in parentheses are explanatory orapproximate information.3 References3.1 Any undated reference to a code or
8、standard appearing in the requirements of this Outline ofInvestigation shall be interpreted as referring to the latest edition of that code or standard.4 Glossary4.1 MACHINE DIRECTION The direction parallel to that taken by the majority of molecules in plasticseparator film, or the direction of the
9、separator film web as it moves through the film-making machine.Also called Longitudinal Direction.4.2 MELT TEMPERATURE (SEPARATOR) The temperature at which the separator material beginsto change from a crystalline solid phase to liquid phase in a first order transition (i.e. with an abruptchange in
10、the volume and a transfer of heat from the sample to its surroundings as a signal of thetransition).4.3 PERMEABILITY (SEPARATOR) The ability of a fluid to penetrate the separator. For thepurposes of this outline, the fluid used is air. Permeability is usually a reflection of the ionic resistanceof t
11、he separator.4.4 SHUTDOWN TEMPERATURE (SEPARATOR) The temperature at which there is a suddenincrease in the resistance of the separator due to the melting of the polymer and filling of the pores,which stops the flow of ions between the electrodes of the lithium ion battery.Note: This is a critical p
12、arameter of the separator as this feature of the separator serves as a safetymechanism for a lithium ion cell that is overheating due to an abnormal condition.4.5 TRANSVERSE DIRECTION The direction perpendicular to the machine direction of theseparator film.MARCH 6, 2009SUBJECT 25914UL COPYRIGHTED M
13、ATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULCONSTRUCTION5 General5.1 The separator shall be resistant to deterioration as a result of exposure to the contents of thelithium-ion cell. Compliance is determined through the heating test of the Standard for Li
14、thium Batteries,UL 1642.5.2 The samples and tests to be conducted on the separator are as outlined in Table 5.1.Table 5.1Separator parameter samples and testsSamplesDimensions of a test sampleParameter Number/conditioningamm (in) Test clausePermeability 10/conditioned 60 X 60 2.36 X 2.36 6.1Thicknes
15、s 1/conditioned 1000 cm in machinedirection39.4 inch in machinedirection6.2Material Identification 1/conditioned 60 X 200 2.36 X 7.87 6.3Tensile Strength 12/conditioned 25.4 X 200 1 X 7.87 7.1Puncture Strength 5/conditioned 60 X 60 2.36 X 2.36 7.2Dimensional Stability 2/conditioned 60 X 60 2.36 X 2.
16、36 8.1Shutdown Temperature 2/conditioned 60 X 60 2.36 X 2.36 8.2Melt Temperature 1/conditioned 60 X 200 2.36 X 7.87 8.3aUnless otherwise noted in the individual test methods, the conditioning shall consist of 40 hours in 23 1C (73.4 1.8F) at50 2% RH prior to testing.PERFORMANCE6 Identification Tests
17、 of the Separator6.1 Transfer properties: permeability6.1.1 The permeability of the separator shall be determined as a result of subjecting it to the test methodsoutlined in Standard Test Method for Resistance of Nonporous Paper to Passage of Air, ASTM D726.Note: Air permeability is expressed in ter
18、ms of its Gurley value, (i.e. represents the time required for 25cc of air to pass through a specific area of separator under the pressure 12.33 inches-H2O).6.1.2 The number of samples and dimensions of the samples are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testing,the samples shall be conditioned in an
19、 atmosphere of 50.0 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0C (73.4 1.8F) fora minimum of 40 hours.6.2 Dimensional properties: thickness6.2.1 The separator thickness is determined by utilizing an instrument designed for measuringeasily-deformed work pieces at thicknesses in the 10 30 m range. The measuring instrument i
20、sadjusted so that an extra-low measuring force of 0.01N (1g-f) is placed on the sample when measuringthe thickness.MARCH 6, 2009 SUBJECT 2591 5UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL6.2.2 The thickness of the sample is measured at eve
21、ry 20 cm (7.87 in) in the machine direction of thesample for a total of 5 measurements. The thickness of the sample is calculated as the average of the 5measurements.6.2.3 The number of samples and dimensions of the samples are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testing,the samples shall be conditio
22、ned in an atmosphere of 50.0 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0ordm C (73.4 1.8F)for a minimum of 40 hours.6.3 Chemical properties: material identification6.3.1 The separator material shall be subjected to the following material identification tests in accordancewith Polymeric Materials Short Term Property Evalua
23、tions, UL 746A: Thermogravimetric Analysis(TGA), Infrared Analyses (IR), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).6.3.2 The number of samples and dimensions of the samples are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testing,the samples shall be conditioned in an atmosphere of 50.0 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0
24、ordm C (73.4 1.8F)for a minimum of 40 hours.7 Mechanical Strength Properties of the Separator7.1 Tensile strength7.1.1 The value for tensile strength of the separator shall be determined as a result of subjecting it to thetest methods outlined in Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin P
25、lastic Sheeting, ASTMD882.7.1.2 The material is to be tested in both the machine and transverse directions. The tensile strength isto be recorded as the maximum load (kg-f /cm2) on the grips where the sample is hold on and pull in thevertical direction with a specific speed and the tensile strain is
26、 the elongation percentage (%) at break.7.1.3 The sample number and dimensions are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testing, the samples shallbe conditioned at 23 2C (73.4 3.6F) and 50 5% RH for not less than 40 hours prior to testing.7.2 Puncture strength7.2.1 The value for puncture strength of t
27、he separator shall be determined as a result of subjecting it tothe test methods outlined in Standard Test Method for High Speed Puncture Properties of Plastics UsingLoad and Displacement Sensors, ASTM D3763.7.2.2 A separator sample is secured in a 30-mm (1.18-in) diameter fixed frame. A needle with
28、 a 0.5 mm(0.02 in) tip radius is inserted into the center of the sample at a fixed speed of 30 mm/min. The PunctureStrength is recorded as the maximum load (gram-force/millimeter) on the needle.7.2.3 The number of samples and dimensions of the samples are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testing,t
29、he samples shall be conditioned in an atmosphere of 50.0 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0C (73.4 1.8F) fora minimum of 40 hours.MARCH 6, 2009SUBJECT 25916UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL8 Thermal Tests of the Separator8.1 Dimensional stabi
30、lity8.1.1 A sample of the separator is secured in a sample holder as shown in Figure 8.1. The sample ispositioned between two metal plates of the holder that have a circular hole of 30 mm (1.18 in) diameterin the center. The plates are then screwed together.This is generated text for figtxt.8.1.2 Th
31、e sample is then heated at 130C (403F) for 1 hour. After the sample cools down to roomtemperature, a visual inspection is conducted and to determine whether the sample is damaged as aresult of the heating. As a result of the conditioning, there shall be no visual evidence of damage to thesample.Exam
32、ples of signs of visual damage to the sample include tears, cracks, etc.8.1.3 If there is no visible damage to the sample, the Puncture Strength Test, 7.2 is then conducted onthe conditioned sample.8.1.4 The number of samples and dimensions of the samples are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testi
33、ng,the samples shall be conditioned in an atmosphere of 50.0 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0C (73.4 1.8F) fora minimum of 40 hours.Figure 8.1Diagram of the holder assembly for visual inspection and puncture strength testsMARCH 6, 2009 SUBJECT 2591 7UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTIO
34、N ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL8.2 Shutdown temperature8.2.1 The measured value for the shutdown temperature shall be determined by the test methods outlinedin 8.2.2 8.2.8.8.2.2 A separator measuring 60 by 60 mm (2.36 X 2.36 in) is soaked with representative electrolyte forat least 10 mi
35、nutes. The electrolyte used is a representative electrolyte solution containing 1 M (mole perliter) of LiClO4salts.8.2.3 The separator is then installed in a test fixture cell. The test fixture cell consists of the wettedseparator test sample between two electrodes and metal cover plates as noted in
36、 8.2.5. See also Figure8.2 for a block diagram representation of the test fixture cell.This is generated text for figtxt.8.2.4 The electrodes consist of two, smooth flat pieces of metal with good conductivity (i.e. nickel) thatare slightly smaller than the separator sample. The electrode assembly is
37、 then sandwiched between twoconductive, Teflon-coated metal plates that are held against the assembly with a constant force of 50 psito simulate the pressure a separator experienced within a battery.8.2.5 The test fixture with separator sample installed, is placed in a chamber whose temperature can
38、beincreased at a constant rate. The temperature of the chamber is raised at a constant rate of 1C/min from100 5C to 180 2C (212 9F to 356 3.6F). The temperature of the separator is measured with a No.24 30 gauge, J-type thermocouple, which is attached to the metal electrode inside the test fixture c
39、ellas shown in Figure 8.2.Figure 8.2Block diagram of shutdown temperature test fixture cellMARCH 6, 2009SUBJECT 25918UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL8.2.6 The impedance of the test fixture cell is measured at room temperature b
40、efore the test andthroughout the heating ramp process.8.2.7 The results are plotted as a graph of the impedance over the temperature. Shutdown is indicatedwhen there is a marked increase in the impedance from the initial value measured at room temperature(approximately 100X initial value) on the gra
41、ph.8.2.8 The number of samples and dimensions of the samples are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testing,the samples shall be conditioned in an atmosphere of 50.0 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0C (73.4 1.8F) fora minimum of 40 hours.8.3 Melt temperature8.3.1 The measured value for the melt temperature shall
42、 be determined by the test method outlined inSection 46 of Polymeric Materials Short Term Property Evaluations, UL 746A8.3.2 The melt point is to be measured by differential scanning calorimetry in a range of 50 300C (122 572F) with a temperature elevating rate of 20C/min.8.3.3 The number of samples
43、 and dimensions of the samples are as outlined in Table 5.1. Prior to testing,the samples shall be conditioned in an atmosphere of 50.0 2.0% RH and 23.0 1.0C (73.4 1.8F) fora minimum of 40 hours.MARKINGS AND INSTRUCTIONS9 Markings9.1 The wrapper, or carton containing a single roll of separator, or t
44、he core over which the separator iswrapped, is marked with:a) The manufacturers name or trademark, andb) The catalog, type number, or similar.c) If the organization that is responsible for the separator produces separators at more thanone factory, the marking shall include a distinctive marking whic
45、h may be in code by meansof which the separator can be identified as the product of a particular factory.MARCH 6, 2009 SUBJECT 2591 9UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM UL10 Instructions10.1 The separator shall have instructions outl
46、ining the manufacturers parameters for the separator andinstructions for proper handling, and installation and use of the separator in the manufacturing of lithiumion cells.MARCH 6, 2009SUBJECT 259110UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FR
47、OM ULAPPENDIX AStandards for ComponentsStandards under which components of the products covered by this outline are evaluated include thefollowing:Title of Standard UL Standard DesignationPolymeric Materials Short Term Property Evaluations, UL 746AMARCH 6, 2009 SUBJECT 2591 A1UL COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL NOT AUTHORIZED FOR FURTHER REPRODUCTION ORDISTRIBUTION WITHOUT PERMISSION FROM ULMARCH 6, 2009SUBJECT 2591A2No Text on This Page
