2019年高考化学中等生百日捷进提升系列专题1.10有机化学知识归纳基础知识速记手册素材.doc

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1、1专题 1.10 有机化学知识归纳1、淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质都是天然高分子化合物,它们都是混合物。2、相对分子质量为 28 的有 CO、N 2、C 2H4;30 的有 NO、C 2H6、HCHO;44 的有 CO2、N 2O、C 3H8、CH 3CHO;60 的有:CH 3COOH、HCOOCH 3、HOCH 2CHO、CH 3CH2CH2OH、CH 3CH(OH)CH3。3、除去 C6H6中 的 C6H5OH,可用氢氧化钠溶液而不能用溴水。4、除去乙酸乙酯中的乙酸用饱和碳酸钠溶液,而不能用氢氧化钠溶液。5、用燃烧法(李比希法)可测定有机物的实验式;现在,可直接用元素分析仪。测定相对分子质量用质

2、谱法;与鉴定有机物结构有关的物理方法有质谱法、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱。6、官能团的推测方法能与 Na2CO3或 NaHCO3溶液反应放出 CO2或使石蕊试液变红的有机物中必含有COOH。能发生消去反应的有机物为 醇或卤代烃。遇浓硝酸变黄,可推知该物质是含有苯环结构的蛋白质。遇碘水变蓝,可推知该物质为淀粉。加入过量浓溴水,出现白色沉淀,可推知该物质为苯酚或 其衍生物。 能发生水解反应的有机物为卤代烃、酯、二糖、多糖、蛋 白质或含有肽键的物质。遇氯化铁溶液显紫色的有机 物必含有酚羟基。 7、 有机反应类型2(8)在稀 H2SO4加热条件下发生酯、低聚糖、多糖等的水解反应。(9)在光照、X 2(表示卤素单质)条件下发生烷基上的取代反应;在 Fe 粉、X 2条件下发生苯环上的取代。 (10)根据反应类型的概念判断不易得出结果时,要特别用好“加氢、去氧还原反应,加氧、去氢氧化反应” 。(11)错别字辨析:常见错别字:酯化、油脂、炭化、褪色、加成、钝化、气体溢出、金刚石、铵盐、苯、硝化、溶解、熔点、容量瓶等。 (此处为正确书写)

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