2020版高考数学一轮复习第三章第四节第3课时利用导数研究函数零点问题精练文.docx

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1、1第 3 课时 利用导数研究函数零点问题1.已知函数 f(x)=a+ ln x(aR).x(1)求 f(x)的单调区间;(2)试求 f(x)的零点个数,并证明你的结论.解析 (1)函数 f(x)的定义域是(0,+),f (x)=( )ln x+ = .x x1x x(lnx+2)2x令 f (x)0,解得 xe-2,令 f (x) 时, f(x)0,无零点,2ea= 时, f(x)=0,有 1 个零点,2ea0;3 3当 x(3-2 ,3+2 )时, f (x)0,所以 f(x)=0 等价于 -3a=0.x3x2+x+1设 g(x)= -3a,则 g(x)= 0,仅当 x=0 时 g(x)=0

2、所以 g(x)在(-,+)单调递增.故 g(x)x3x2+x+1 x2(x2+2x+3)(x2+x+1)2至多有一个零点,从而 f(x)至多有一个零点.又 f(3a-1)=-6a2+2a- =-6 - 0,故 f(x)有一个零点.13 (a-16)216 13综上, f(x)只有一个零点.3.(2018 重庆调研)设函数 f(x)=-x2+ax+ln x(aR).2(1)当 a=-1 时,求函数 f(x)的单调区间;(2)设函数 f(x)在 上有两个零点,求实数 a 的取值范围.13,3解析 (1)函数 f(x)的定义域为(0,+),当 a=-1 时,f (x)=-2x-1+ = ,令 f

3、x)=0,得 x= (负值舍去 ),1x -2x2-x+1x 12当 00,当 x 时, f (x)0,g(x)的单调递减区间为 ,单调递增区间为(1,3,13,1)g(x) min=g(1)=1,由于函数 f(x)在 上有两个零点,g =3ln 3+ ,g(3)=3- ,13,3 (13) 13 ln333ln 3+ 3- ,13 ln33实数 a 的取值范围是 .(1,3-ln334.(2019 贵州贵阳模拟)已知函数 f(x)=kx-ln x(k0).(1)若 k=1,求 f(x)的单调区间;(2)(一题多解)若函数 f(x)有且只有一个零点,求实数 k 的值;(3)比较 e3与 3e

4、的大小.解析 (1)k=1,f(x)=x-ln x,定义域为(0,+),则 f (x)=1- ,1x由 f (x)0 得 x1,由 f (x)0),lnxx令 g(x)= (x0),则 g(x)= ,lnxx 1-lnxx2当 x=e 时,g(x)=0;当 00;当 xe 时,g(x)0,要使 f(x)仅有一个零点,则 k= .1e解法二:f(x)=kx-ln x,则 f (x)=k- = (x0,k0).1xkx-1x当 x= 时,f (x)=0;当 0 时, f (x)0.1k 1k 1kf(x)在 上单调递减,在 上单调递增,(0,1k) (1k,+ )f(x) min=f =1-ln ,(1k) 1kf(x)有且只有一个零点,1-ln =0,即 k= .1k 1e解法三:k0,函数 f(x)有且只有一个零点即为直线 y=kx 与曲线 y=ln x 相切,设切点为(x 0,y0),由 y=ln x得 y= ,1x k= ,k=1x0,y0=kx0,y0=lnx0, 1ex0=e,y0=1,实数 k 的值为 .1e(3)由(1)(2)知 ,即 ln x,当且仅当 x=e 时,取“=”,令 x=3,得 ln 3,即 ln e3eln 3=ln 3e,e 33e.lnxx 1e xe 3e1

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