(江苏专用)2019高考物理三轮冲刺第二篇中档题防错四轻绳牵连与弹簧牵连的差异.docx

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1、1四、轻绳牵连与弹簧牵连的差异例 5 如图所示,A、B 两球质量相等,A 球用不能伸长的轻绳系于 O 点,B 球用轻弹簧系于 O点,O 与O点在同一水平面上,分别将 A、B 球拉到与悬点等高处,使绳和轻弹簧均处于水平,弹簧处于自然状态,将两球分别由静止开始释放,当两球到达各自悬点的正下方时两球恰好仍处在同一水平面上,则( ) A.两球到达各自悬点的正下方时,两球动能相等B.两球到达各自悬点的正下方时,A 球动能较大C.两球到达各自悬点的正下方时,B 球动能较大D.两球到达各自悬点的正下方时,A 球损失的重力势能较多答案 B解析 设 绳 长 为 L,A 球 下 摆 过 程 中 ,由 机 械 能

2、守 恒 ,有 mgL= m ,B 球 下 摆 过 程 中 ,B 球 与 弹 簧 组 成12v2A的 系 统 机 械 能 守 恒 ,有 mgL=Ep 弹 + m ,则 有 m =Ep 弹 + m ,可 见 m m ,B 项 正 确 。12v2B 12v2A 12v2B 12v2A12v2B【比较】 共同点:两种情况小球都做曲线运动,都可以使用机械能守恒定律。易错点:左图中小球机械能守恒,右图中小球与弹簧组成的系统机械能守恒,对右图中小球来说,机械能是不守恒的。若小球为带电体在磁场中运动,洛伦兹力虽然不做功,但是在最低点充当了部分向心力,所以小球的运动方向不同,向心力大小也不同。图中 A 球运动中,重力做功的功率是先变大后变小。左图中若从 OA 上方放手让小球下落,要注意小球不会直接沿圆弧运动,先做自由落体运动,再做圆周运动,运动的交接点有能量损失,需用速度的分解联系前后运动。2

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