2019高考数学一本策略复习专题七系列4选讲第一讲坐标系与参数方程课后训练文.doc

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1、1第一讲 坐标系与参数方程1已知曲线 C1的参数方程为Error!( 为参数),以坐标原点为极点, x 轴的正半轴为极轴建立极坐标系,曲线 C2的极坐标方程为 4sin( ),直线 l 的直角坐标方程为 3y x.33(1)求曲线 C1和直线 l 的极坐标方程;(2)已知直线 l 分别与曲线 C1、曲线 C2相交于异于极点的 A, B 两点,若 A, B 的极径分别为 1, 2,求| 2 1|的值解析:(1)曲线 C1的参数方程为Error!( 为参数),其普通方程为 x2( y1) 21,极坐标方程为 2sin .直线 l 的直角坐标方程为 y x,33故直线 l 的极坐标方程为 ( R)

2、6(2)曲线 C1的极坐标方程为 2sin ,直线 l 的极坐标方程为 , 6将 代入 C1的极坐标方程得 11, 6将 代入 C2的极坐标方程得 24, 6| 2 1|3.2(2018开封模拟)在直角坐标系 xOy 中,直线 C1的参数方程为Error!(t 为参数),圆 C2:( x2) 2 y24,以坐标原点为极点, x 轴的正半轴为极轴建立极坐标系(1)求 C1, C2的极坐标方程和交点 A 的坐标(非坐标原点);(2)若直线 C3的极坐标方程为 ( R),设 C2与 C3的交点为 B(非坐标原点), 4求 OAB 的最大面积解析:(1)由Error!(t 为参数)得曲线 C1的普通方

3、程为 y xtan ,故曲线 C1的极坐标方程为 ( R)将 x cos , y sin 代入( x2) 2 y24,得 C2的极坐标方程为 4cos .故交点 A 的坐标为(4cos , )(2)由题意知, B 的极坐标为(2 , )2 42 S OAB| 2 4cos sin( )|2 sin(2 )2|,12 2 4 2 4故 OAB 的最大面积是 2 2.23(2018长春模拟)以直角坐标系的原点 O 为极点, x 轴的正半轴为极轴建立极坐标系,已知点 P 的直角坐标为(1,2),点 C 的极坐标为(3, ),若直线 l 过点 P,且倾斜角 2为 ,圆 C 以点 C 为圆心,3 为半径

4、 6(1)求直线 l 的参数方程和圆 C 的极坐标方程;(2)设直线 l 与圆 C 相交于 A, B 两点,求| PA|PB|.解析:(1)由题意得直线 l 的参数方程为Error!(t 为参数),圆 C 的极坐标方程为 6sin .(2)由(1)易知圆 C 的直角坐标方程为 x2( y3) 29,把Error! 代入 x2( y3) 29,得 t2( 1)t70,3设点 A, B 对应的参数分别为 t1,t 2,t 1t27,又| PA|t 1|,| PB|t 2|,| PA|PB|7.4(2018唐山模拟)极坐标系的极点为直角坐标系 xOy 的原点,极轴为 x 轴的正半轴,两种坐标系的长度

5、单位相同已知圆 C1的极坐标方程为 4(cos sin ), P 是 C1上一动点,点 Q 在射线 OP 上且满足| OQ| |OP|,点 Q 的轨迹为 C2.12(1)求曲线 C2的极坐标方程,并化为直角坐标方程;(2)已知直线 l 的参数方程为Error!( t 为参数,0 ), l 与曲线 C2有且只有一个公共点,求 的值解析:(1)设点 P, Q 的极坐标分别为( 0, ),( , ),则 0 4(cos sin )2(cos sin ),12 12点 Q 的轨迹 C2的极坐标方程为 2(cos sin ),两边同乘以 ,得 22( cos sin ),C2的直角坐标方程为 x2 y22 x2 y,即( x1) 2( y1) 22.(2)将 l 的参数方程代入曲线 C2的直角坐标方程,得(tcos 1) 2( tsin 1) 22,即 t22(cos sin )t0, t10, t22(sin cos ),由直线 l 与曲线 C2有且只有一个公共点,得 sin cos 0,因为 0 ,所以 . 4

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