2019高考物理总复习考查点13电场掌中宝素材.doc

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1、1考查点 13 电场考点巧记考点 1 电荷 电荷守恒 A1自然界的两种电荷:玻璃棒跟丝绸摩擦,玻璃棒带正电;橡胶棒跟毛皮摩擦,橡胶棒带负电2元电荷: e1.610 19 C,所有带电体的电荷量都是元电荷的整数倍3使物体带电的方法有三种:接触起电、摩擦起电、感应起电,无论哪种方法,都是电荷在物体之间的转移或从物体的一部分转移到另一部分,电荷的总量是不变的4电荷守恒定律:电荷既不能创生,也不能消灭,它们只能从一个物体转移到另一个物体,或者从物体的一部分转移到另一部分,在转移的过程中,电荷总量不变考点 2 库仑定律 A1库仑定律的成立条件:真空中静止的点电荷2带电体可以看成点电荷的条件:如果带电体间

2、距离比它们自身线度的大小大得多,以至带电体的形状和大小对相互作用力的影响可以忽略不计,这样的带电体可以看成点电荷3内容:真空中两个静止点电荷之间的相互作用力,跟它们电荷量的乘积成正比,跟它们距离的二次方成反比,作用力的方向在它们的连线上4表达式: F k , k9.010 9 Nm2/C2.Q1Q2r2说明:点电荷只有电荷量,没有大小,形状,实际上不存在,是理想化模型考点 3 电场 电场强度 电场线 A1电场:实际真实存在于电荷周围的特殊物质2电场强度:放入电场中某点的电荷所受静电力跟它的电荷量的比值,即电场强度表达式: E F/q.电场强度的单位是 N/C.电场强度与放入电场中的试探电荷无关,只由电场本身决定3电场强度方向的规定:电场中某点电场强度的方向跟正电荷在该点所受电场力的方向相同;与负电荷在该点所受电场力的方向相反4电场线的特点(1)电场线从正电荷或无穷远出发,终止于无限远或负电荷;(2)电场线在电场中不会相交、不会闭合;(3)电场线的疏密程度反映电场的强弱;电场线上某点的切线方向表示该点的电场强度方向,即电场方向匀强电场的电场线特点:距离相等的平行直线5几种常见的电场线2 匀强电场

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