1、1时态和语态李仕才英语高考专题之时态和语态课程目标:正确的时态和语态是一个简单句的重要组成部分;时态和语态是高中语法教学的重点和难点,是学好英语的关键;尤其重要的是其在高考试题中所占的比重非常大,无论是单选、完形填空、阅读表达和写作,甚至阅读能力都和时态、语态的理解有关系,所以要求学生务必在英语学习中重视该语法的学习。一、学习目标掌握不同时态的基本用法。二、重点、难点掌握不同时态的基本用法以及每个时态的常用时间表达。三、考情分析时态和语态的分值比很大,学生掌握起来有难度,所以必须重视该语法的学习,及其基本用法,研究历年关于该语法的高考题。有些学生在单选方面还可以,但是体现在书面表达中就差强人意
2、了,这说明学生的该语法比较薄弱,务必加强学习。知识梳理:一般现在时态【基本用法】1. 表示习惯性、经常性的动作;2. 表示当前时间存在的特征或状态;3. 表示客观真理或客观事实;4. 少数用于表示起止的动词,如 come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,只用一般现在时。5. 由 if, unless, as long as 等引导的条件状语从句,when, before, as soon as, once 等引导的时间状
3、语从句及 no matter when/how 或 however, wherever, even if 等引导的让步状语从句中,常用一般现在时代替将来时。【特别提示】特别注意主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词的变化。【例句】The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。 If it is fine tomorrow, we shall visit the Great Wall. 如果明天天晴,我们就去游览长城。【考题链接】I often _ all the cooking for my f
4、amily, but recently I ve been too busy to do it. A. will do B. do C. am doing D. had done答案:B2解题思路:句意:平时都是我为家人做饭,但最近我太忙了,不能做了。此题考查一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性的动作这一用法,其他时态均不合题意。现在进行时态【基本用法】基本结构:is/am/are+ doing 否定句:is/am/are+ not+ doing 1. 说话时正在发生的动作。2. 说话时不一定在进行,但目前的时间背景下正在发生的动作。3. 某些动词的现在进行时可表示计划或安排好了的将来动作。常见的动词
5、有:go, come, leave, arrive, start, stay, return, take off 等。4. always, often, constantly, frequently, forever 等副词和现在进行时态连用,表达说话人的某种情感,即“赞扬”或“厌恶”等,可译为“老是、总是” 。【注意】有些动词不能用进行时态a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need 等。b. 表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie
6、, remain, seem, belong to, depend on 等。c. 表示瞬间动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete 等。d. 表示感官的动词:notice, feel, smell, sound, taste 等。【例句】She is attending a lecture which is being given by Professor Lee. 她正在参加由李教授所做的报告。The Internet technology is changing the way people communicate wit
7、h each other.因特网正改变着人们彼此交流的方式。【考题链接】Im not finished with my dinner yet. But our friends _for us. A. will wait B. wait C. have waited D. are waiting答案:D解题思路:考查动词时态。句意: 我还没吃完呢。但是我们的朋友正在等我们。解此类题的关键是根据上下文语境定出动作发生的时间。从题中 But 可看出动作 wait 为说话人说话时正在进行的动作,故选 D。一般将来时态【基本 用法】1. 表示未来的动作或状态常用 will / shall动词(常与表示将
8、来的时间状语连用,如tomorrow,next week 等)。 shall 用于第一人称。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。2. be going to +不定式,表示将来。a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。 b. 计划,安排要发生的事。c. 有迹象要发生的事。3. “be +不定式”表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。4. 在“ 祈使句 and / or陈述句”句型中,陈述句中只能用 will / 情态动词动词3原形。【例句】We will talk about this topic next week. 我们下周将会讨论这个话题。What are you going
9、 to do tomorrow? 你明天打算做什么呢?【考题链接】看起来像是要下雨了。It looks as if it _ rain. 答案:is going to一般过去时态【基本用法】表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去具体时间的状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示); 时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。表示在过去一段时间内,经常性或习惯性的动作。【例句】Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了?When I was a child, I often played
10、football in the street. 我还是个孩子的时候,常在大街上踢足球。【考题链接】In 1942, Columbus_ on one of the Bahama Islands, but he mistook it for an island off IndiaA. lands B. landed C. has landed D. had landed答案:B解题思路:句意:1942 年,哥伦布登上了巴哈马群岛其中的一个岛,但是他错把它当成了印度的一个岛。本题中有个具体的过去时间“1942 年” ,故应用一般过去时态,表示过去的时间发生的动作。过去进行时态【基本用法】谓语结构:
11、was / were v.ing1. 过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段 内某动作发生或频繁发生。2. 某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个动作在由 when 或 while 引导的时间状语从句中。3. 表示从过去某一时间的角度看将要发生的动作,仅用于 come, go, start, leave, stay, arrive 等。【例句】We were working from two to four yesterday afternoon.昨天下午我们从两点一直工作到四点。He was reading a novel when the door bell rang.门铃响的时候,他在读
12、小说。【考题链接】Have you finished reading that novel? No, I_ my homework all day yesterday. A. was doing B. would do C. had done D. do 4答案:A解题思路:句意:你读完那本小说了吗?没有,我昨天一直在写作业。根据时间状语 all day yesterday 可知 was doing 最佳。表示昨天一整天都在做作业。现在完成时态【基本用法】谓语结构:has / have动词过去分词1. 表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作,强调结果的影响。常用的时间状语:already, just
13、, never, yet, ever, lately, recently, up to now, in the past+一段时间,so far 等。2. 表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与 since时间点,for时间段及介词短语 during / in / over the last (past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years 等连用。【例句】I have seen the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。Theyve lived here since 2008.他们自从 2008 年就住在那里了。
14、【特别提醒】1. 现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态,动词一般是延续性的;而短暂性动词用于现在完成时态,不能和段时间连用。如果短暂性动词需要和段时间连用,就必须转换成其他词来表示。buyhave comebe in leavebe away from diebe dead showbe on2. have gone to 和 have been tohave gone to 表示去了,还没有回来;have been to 表示曾经去过,说话时已经回来了。3. since 的用法since 作介词,后面接过去的时间点;since 作连词,后面一般接一般过去时态的句子。【例句】我离开中国三年了
15、。I have left China for three years. (该句是错误的)改为:I have been away from China for three years. He has gone to Beijing. 他去了北京了。 (现在还没回来)He has been to Beijing. 他去过北京。 (现在已回来)【考题链接】1. Progress _ so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time. A. was B. had been C. has been D. wil
16、l be答案:C解题思路:句意:到目前为止,一切进展良好,我们确信工作能够按时完成。so far (by now)提示要用现在完成时。2. I hear Jane _ the Holy Island on holiday.Oh, how nice. Do you know when she left?A. has gone to B. has been to C. went to D. goes to 答案:A5解题思路:句意:我听说简去霍利岛度假了。噢,多么好啊!你知道她什么时候离开的吗?根据句意,简在说话的时候还没回来,什么时候离开的也不知道,关键是截至说话时她还没回来,是过去的动作对现在
17、造成的影响和结果,故用现在完成时态,故选。过去完成时态【基本用法】谓语结构:had +动词过去分词1. 概念:表示过去的过去2. 用法:a. 状语从句:在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中,发生在先,用过去完成时;发生在后,用一般过去时。b. 表示意向的动词,如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等,用过去完成时表示“原本,未能” 。【例句】She said(that)she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她从未去过巴黎。When the police arrived, the thieves had run
18、 away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。【考题链接】It took me a long time before I was able to fully appreciate what they _ for me. A. had done B. did C. would do D. were doing答案:A解题思路:句意:我花了好长时间才完全了解他们为我做了什么。选用 had done,表示发生在 was able to fully appreciate 之前。过去将来时态【基本用法】1. 谓语结构:would/should + do was/were + going to + do wa
19、s/were+ to do 2. 表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句中。【例句】His sister told him that she would be back on Sunday.姐姐告诉他,她将于星期天回来。I thought the story was going to be funny.我认为这个故事比较搞笑。【考题链接】Dont you feel surprised to see Linda at the meeting? Yes. I really didnt think she _ here. A. has been B. had been C.
20、would be D. would have been答案:C 解题思路:句意:难道你在会议上看到琳达不感到惊讶吗?是的。我真的认为她不会来这里。根据上下文语境可知,设空处的动作已在过去发生或完成。但根据 I really didnt think 可以判断出从句中的动作是从过去某时间看将来要发生的事, 故应用过去将来时。6将来完成时态【基本用法】构成:will/shall have动词过去分词意义:将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,并往往对将来某一时间产生影响。 【例句】Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter.
21、 不久以后,他就会把这件事全忘了。【考题链接】Tommy is planning to buy a carI know. By next month, he _ enough for a used oneA. saves B. saved C. will save D. will have saved答案:D 解题思路:句意:汤米正计划买辆车。我知道。截至下个月他就能攒够钱买辆二手的了。表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作,故用将来完成时态。将来进行时态【基本用法】结构:will + be + 动词的现在分词意义:(1)表示在将来某时刻或某阶段正在进行的动作(2)有时可表示预计即将发生或势必要发生
22、的动作【例句】This time tomorrow I shall be flying to Hainan.明天这个时间我正飞往海南。If I fail to appear by 8 oclock, I will not be coming at all. 如果我 8 点不到,我就不会来了。【考题链接】Youd better not call the manager between 7:00 and 8:00 this evening, for he _ an important meeting then. A. will have B. would have C. will be havin
23、g D. will have had答案:C 解题思路:句意:今天晚上 7 点到 8 点间你最好不要给经理打电话,因为他那时将有个重要的会议。根据题干中的时间状语 between 7:00 and 8:00 this evening 可知, 设空处的动作是将来某个时刻正在进行的, 故应用将来进行时, 口语中常用这种时态表示将来某时刻正在进行或发生的动作。现在完成进行时态【基本用法】结构:have/has + been +动词的现在分词意义:1. 表示动作从过去一个时间开始,一直延续到现在,强调在此阶段里,动作一直在进行。常和由 for, since 引导的时间状语连用。2. 表示说话时刻之前刚
24、刚结束的动作。73. 用以强调动作的延续性或重复性。【例句】I have been waiting for you for an hour. 我已等你一个小时了。He has been dropping in on her almost every day recently.最近,他几乎天天拜访她。【考题链接】I hear you _ at Smiths. Yes, I _ there for about three months. A. work; had been working B. worked; was workingC. are working; have been working
25、 D. worked; have worked答案:C 解题思路:考查动词时态。句意:我听说你在史密斯那里工作。是的,我已在那里工作约三个月了。第一空表示说话时正在进行的动作,用现在进行时态;而第二空表示该动作是 3 个月前开始的,现在依然在进行,故用现在完成进行时态。故选 C。即学即练:1.We would like to go and thank him ourselves,but we _ out his address yet, A. havent found B. hadnt found C. didnt find D. dont find 答案:A 解题思路:根据句意“我们想要亲自
26、感谢他,但是还没有找到他的地址”,强调对现在产生的影响,所以应用一般现在时,正确答案为 A。2.The reporter said that the UFO _ east to west when he saw it. A. was traveling B. traveled C. had been traveling D. was to travel 答案:A解题思路:根据句中 when he saw it 可知,当记者看到 UFO 的时候,UFO 正在运动中,而且是发生在过去的动作,所以应用过去进行时,正确答案为 A。3.Is this raincoat yours? No,mine _
27、there behind the door. A. hangs B. has hang C. is hanging D. hang 答案:C 解题思路:根据对话可知是当时正在进行的状态,所以应该用现在进行时,因此正确答案为 C。4.He has been writing the composition the whole morning and he still _. A. has been B. does C. has D. is 答案:D解题思路:由前半句可知他整个上午一直在写作文,后半句中的 still“仍然”说明这个动作现在还在进行中,所以正确答案为 D。5. If city nois
28、es _ from increasing,people _ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now. A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to 8答案:A解题思路:前半句是由 if 引导的条件状语从句,所以应用一般现在时,而噪音应该是被控制,应该用被动语态,主句需要用一般将来时,综合前后的需求,正确答案为 A。6. The little gi
29、rl _her heart out because she _ her toy bear and believed she wasnt ever going to find it. A. had cried; lost B. cried; had lost C. has cried; has lost D. cries; has lost答案:B解题思路:丢失玩具的动作发生在 believed 之前,所以第二个空要用过去完成时,再综合整句话的含义,第一个空要用 cried。所以正确答案为 B。7.They believed that by using computers the product
30、ion of their factory _. A. will greatly increase B. would greatly increase C. would be increased greatly D. will have been greatly increased 答案:C 解题思路:根据 They believed 可知整件事情都是发生在过去的,而他们认为工厂产量提高也是过去的想法,所以要用过去将来时。因此正确答案为 C。8. He _ basketball with them at 10 tomorrow morning.A. will play B. is playing C. will be playing D. plays答案:C 解题思路:根据时间状语 at 10 tomorrow morning,可知是发生在将来的具体时间正在进行的动作,所以要用将来进行时,因此正确答案为 C。9. The meeting _ a full week by the time it ends.A. will last B. will have lasted C. lasts D. would last答案:B解题思路:根据 by the time it ends 可知是发生在将来某一时间结束,所以要用将来完成时态,因此选择 B。