2018年高中化学第3章物质在水溶液中的行为3.2.1弱电解质的电离课件4鲁科版选修4.ppt

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1、弱电解质的电离平衡,第三章第二节,CH3COOH和CH3COONa混合溶液,控制溶液酸碱度,弱酸和其盐的混合溶液,橙色,红色,CH3COOH和 CH3COONa溶液,盐酸和 NaCl溶液,少量 强酸,少量 强碱,黄色,少量 强酸,少量 强碱,橙色,明显,不明显,pH变化,问题,弱酸及其盐溶液为什么有这样的性质?,聚焦盐酸和醋酸,请同学们谈谈认识。,假设,存在电离平衡,设计实验方案,提供事实证据,实验:,30 mLc(H+) = 3.210-3 mol/L,盐酸 甲基橙,醋酸溶液 甲基橙,0.5 mol/L NaOH溶液,溶液变为黄色时,所需V(NaOH)?,请给出合理的解释,事 实,问题,盐酸

2、醋酸,c(H+)相同,耗碱量大,提供事实证据,提供事实证据,事实支持假设!,醋酸的电离平衡 逆向移动,提供事实证据,30 mL 水 甲基橙,5滴盐酸 c(H+)=0.01 mol/L,5滴醋酸 c(H+)=0.01 mol/L,等倍 稀释,稀释后,醋酸溶液中的 c(H+)大于盐酸,事实支持假设!,稀释时,醋酸的电离平衡正向移动,提供事实证据,弱电解质的电离平衡理论,理论模型,1.可逆过程 2.化学平衡移动原理,25时,K = 1.8 10-5,3.电离限度K,定性,定量,一水合氨,碳酸,水,弱酸,弱碱,水,弱 电 解 质,氢氧化钠的电离 NaOH Na+ + OH-,硫酸的电离 H2SO4

3、2H+ + SO42-,氯化钠的电离 NaCl Na+ + Cl-,强酸,强碱,大部分盐,强 电 解 质,物质,反应,参 与,理论 模型,认识,认识,弱电解质,弱电解质 参与的反应,电离 平衡,溶液中的有弱电解质存在的离子反应,CH3COOH,CH3COO,H+,OH,(+H2O ),CH3COONa + HCl CH3COOH + NaCl,CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O,溶液中的有弱电解质存在的离子反应,K=1.810-5,CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+,K =5.6104,CH3COO- + H+ CH3COOH,CH3COONa + HCl CH3

4、COOH + NaCl,弱电解质越难电离(K越小),生成该弱电解质的反应就越完全。,H2O OH- + H+ K=1.010-14,K=1.810-5,CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+,CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O,当溶液中同时有多种弱电解质可以生成的反应,越难电离的弱电解质(K越小)的弱电解质越容易竞争生成。,电离 平衡,溶液中的离子反应,物质,反应,参 与,理论 模型,认识,认识,醋酸与水 参与的反应,醋酸(弱电解质) 水 (弱电解质),家用84消毒液,有效成分:NaClO,资料:H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ K=4.210-7HCO3- CO32- + H+ K=5.610-11 HClO ClO- + H+ K=3.010-8, 写出消毒液使用过程中发生的反应。 会生成大量的CO32-吗?,消毒液在使用过程中发生反应H2CO3 + ClO- HCO3- + HClO,? 平衡,弱电解质,难溶 电解质,难溶电解质参与的反应,弱电解质参与的反应,溶液中的离子反应,物质,反应,参 与,理论 模型,认识,认识,电离 平衡,修改或放弃,新问题(作业):NaHCO3既能与强酸反应又能与强碱反应,你能用电离平衡理论分析一下原因吗?,谢谢,

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