(天津专用)2019高考英语二轮增分策略专题一语法知识第11讲名词与冠词优选习题.doc

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1、1第 11讲 名词与冠词1.Try to understand whats actually happening instead of acting on the youve made.(2018江苏,32)A.assignment B.associationC.acquisition D.assumption答案 D解析 句意为:努力弄明白实际正在发生的事情,而不是按照你做出的假设去行动。D 项assumption意为“假设” ,符合语境。youve made是定语从句,修饰 assumption,make an assumption意为“做出假设” 。assignment 任务,作业;as

2、sociation 联系;acquisition获得,得到。2.The that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.(2018天津,6)A.advice B.orderC.possibility D.invitation答案 C解析 句意为:在宇宙的其他星球上存在着生命,这一可能性一直鼓舞着科学家们探索外太空。possibility 意为“可能性” ,符合语境,故选 C。advice 建议;order 命令,秩序;inv

3、itation邀请,请柬。3.Can you tell us your for happiness and a long life?Living every day to the full,definitely.(2016江苏,24)A.recipe B.recordC.range D.receipt2答案 A解析 句意为:您能告诉我们您幸福与长寿的秘诀吗?确切地说,是充实地过好每一天。根据答语可知,此处问的是幸福与长寿的秘诀。recipe 秘诀,诀窍,符合句意。record记录;range 范围;receipt 收据,均不符合题意。4.Some schools will have to ma

4、ke in agreement with the national soccer reform.(2015江苏,32)A.judgments B.adjustmentsC.comments D.achievements答案 B解析 句意为:为了与国家足球改革相一致,一些学校将不得不做出调整。judgment 判断;adjustment调整,适应;comment 评论;achievement 成果,成就。故选 B项。5.Go and say sorry to your Mom,Dave.Id like to,but Im afraid she wont be happy with my .(20

5、15江苏,35)A.requests B.excusesC.apologies D.regrets答案 C解析 句意为:去向你妈妈道歉,戴夫。我想去,但我担心她对我的道歉不满意。request要求,请求;excuse 理由,借口;apology 道歉,致歉;regret 懊悔,遗憾。根据前面的“say sorry”可知选 C项。6. prize for the winner of the competition is two-week holiday in Paris.(2016浙江,2)A.The;/ B.A;/C.A;the D.The;a答案 D解析 句意为:这次比赛给获胜者的奖励是在巴

6、黎度假两周。第一个空格表示对比赛获胜者的奖励,是特指,故用 the;第二个空格泛指一次为期两周的假期,用不定冠词 a。故选 D项。7.Being able to afford drink would be comfort in those tough times.A.the;the B.a;a3C.a;/ D./;a答案 B解析 句意为:在那些艰苦的岁月里,能买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人安慰的事。本题容易误选 C项,认为 comfort “安慰”是不可数名词,其实此处为抽象名词的具体化,a comfort令人感到安慰的一个人或一件事;a drink 一杯饮料。故 B项正确。诊断报告考向 对应题

7、号 我的薄弱环节1 名词词义辨析 1,2,3,52 名词构成的固定搭配 43 抽象名词具体化 74 不定冠词与定冠词的综合考查 6解题方法(一)三方法解决名词辨析题1.利用固定搭配和习惯表达2.利用句子的平衡、对比等结构3.充分把握具体的语境(二)三方法辨别冠词方法1.语境暗示法在解答冠词试题时,要注意下面的原则:一是根据句子的意思判断是特指(定冠词表示特指)还是泛指(不定冠词表示泛指),其次看是可数名词还是不可数名词。这样就能够根据句子的意思判断出是选定冠词还是不定冠词。2.准确翻译法冠词 a/an表示“一个,一种,某一个” ,一般泛指任意一个;而 the表示“这个,那个” ,是特指。所以在

8、大多数情况下,如果我们能准确地把泛指或特指的意思翻译出来,就能够正确地解答该题。3.固定短语搭配法掌握冠词的习惯用法,冠词活用和固定词组中用不用冠词或用什么冠词对于解答冠词试题也是很重要的。考点 1 名词词义辨析1.There is no need to tell me your answer now.Give it some and then let me know.4(2015安徽,30)A.thought B.supportC.protection D.authority答案 A解析 句意为:现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。多思考一下,再让我知道。 thought 思想,思考,符合句意。su

9、pport 支持,维持,支援,供养;protection 保护,防卫;authority权威,权力,当局。2.One of the most effective ways to reduce is to talk about feelings with someone you trust.(2015浙江,15)A.production B.stressC.energy D.power答案 B解析 句意为:减少压力最有效的方法之一就是与你信任的人谈谈你的感受。stress 压力,紧张,符合语境。production 生产,制作,产品;energy 精力,活力,干劲;power 权力,势力,影响力

10、。3.The weather forecast says it will be cloudy with a slight of rain later tonight.(2016天津,10)A.effect B.senseC.change D.chance答案 D解析 句意为:天气预报说今天多云,后半夜可能有雨。chance 可能性,符合语境。effect结果,效应;sense 感觉,理解力;change 变化,改变。4.The failure was a big to him,but he wasnt discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ev

11、er.(2015福建,24)A.blow B.issueC.excuse D.factor答案 A 解析 句意为:这次失败对他来说是一次不小的冲击,但是他没有气馁,很快就变得和以往一样有热情了。blow 打击,痛击,符合语境。issue 问题;excuse 借口;factor 因素。5.Could you tell me the of making such tasty cakes?Well,I just follow the directions in the cookbook.(2014福建,26)A.feature B.planC.cost D.trick5答案 D 解析 句意为:你能告

12、诉我制作如此美味的蛋糕的诀窍吗?哦,我只是按照烹饪书上的说明来做的。feature 特征,特点;plan 计划;cost 费用;trick 技巧。考点归纳(一)名词的词义辨析名词的词义辨析是高考的热点,主要考查考生结合语境区分词义的能力,因而在记忆单词时,一定要结合语境体会其意义。近几年考查的名词词义辨析主要有以下几种形式:1.“同缀”词的词义辨析,即相同词缀的名词辨析。近几年高考中常出现的有:expression(表情) attention(注意)satisfaction(满意) impression(印象)accommodation(住宿) occupation(职业)adaptation

13、(适应,改编) appreciation(欣赏)equipment(设备) arrangement(安排)assessment(评估,估算) entertainment(娱乐)consequence(后果) independence(独立)competence(能力,权限) intelligence(智力)2.“形近”词的词义辨析,近几年高考中常出现的形近词有:command(命令) comparison(比较)compliment(赞美) contribution(贡献)commitment(承诺,保证) competition(竞争)accommodation(住宿) accompany(

14、陪伴)(二)名词的一词多义与熟词新义名词的一词多义与熟词新义是考查的重点和难点。掌握熟词新义重在多阅读、多积累。Those who suffer from headache will find they get relief from this medicine.患头疼的人会发现通过使用这种药,他们的头疼会得到缓解。relief的常见含义为“安慰,宽慰” ,此处表示“缓解” 。考点 2 名词构成的固定搭配When he was running after his brother,the boy lost his and had a bad fall.(2015湖北,21)A.balance B

15、.chanceC.memory D.place答案 A解析 句意为:当这个男孩追赶哥哥的时候,他失去了平衡,狠狠地摔了一跤。根据句中的had a bad fall可知,这个男孩之所以摔倒是因为失去了平衡,lose ones balance 意为6“失去平衡” 。chance 机会;memory 记忆;place 地方。考点 3 抽象名词具体化Its good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.A./;a B.a;/C.the;a D.a;the答案 B解析 句意为:对人们来

16、说,欣赏能带给他们乐趣的世博会感觉非常棒。feeling 为可数名词,pleasure 为不可数名词,均表示泛指,故 B项正确。考点归纳 抽象名词具体化通常可分为以下四类:1. 表示情感、情绪的词,强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词有:抽象名词 抽象名词具体化comfort安慰;慰藉 a comfort 一件令人感到安慰的事或一个令人感到安慰的人pity惋惜,同情 a pity一件憾事success 成功 a success 一位成功的人或一件成功的事 failure 失败 a failure 一个失败的人或一件失败的事surprise 惊奇 a surprise 一件令人

17、惊奇的事difficulty 困难 a difficulty 一件难事I think this sports meeting was a huge success.我认为这次运动会是一个巨大的成功。2.表行为的抽象名词,强调其具体表现形式时,常用“a/an抽象名词”或“a/an形容词抽象名词” 。常用短语、句型如下:have a wonderful supper;have a bright future;have a good time;have a population of;have a good knowledge/understanding of;have an income of;r

18、eceive a good education;receive a warm welcome;cover an area of;reach a height ofIts a waste of time/money.Its a great help to me.Its a pity that.3.表示具体动作意义的抽象名词,加 a/an与某些动词(have,take,make,give)等词连用7时,表示某一次短暂的动作。have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep;take a walk/bath;give/take a try;

19、make an advance/an early start/an apology;take/have a great interest;go out for a walk4.接同源宾语的短语,通常名词表示具体化意义。die a heroic death;live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life;dream a strange dream考点 4 不定冠词与定冠词的综合考查1.I just heard bank where Dora works was robbed by gunman wearing a mask.(2015重庆,3)A.t

20、he;/ B.a;/C.the;a D.a;the答案 C解析 句意为:我刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名蒙面持枪歹徒抢劫了。第一空为特指,表示“多拉工作的那家银行” ;第二空为泛指,表示“一名” 。2.There are over 58,000 rocky objects in space,about 900 of which could fall down onto earth.A.the;the B./;theC.the;/ D.a;the答案 B解析 句意为:太空中有超过 58 000的岩状物体,其中大约 900有可能掉到地球上。第一空 in space是固定短语,不用冠词,类似用法还有

21、 in nature,in society等;第二空后的名词 earth属于独一无二的事物,其前必须用定冠词。考点归纳(一)不定冠词 a/an的用法1.单数可数名词前用不定冠词 a/an表示泛指,泛指某一人或某一物。2.表示某种身份、职业、地位、国籍。3.用在人名或时间名词前表示不确定的某个人或某个时间;用在人名前还可表示与某人有类似性质的人。4.不定冠词用在序数词前不表示排序,而表示“再一,又一” 。5.表示单位时间内的频度,含有“每”的概念。8(1)The “Chinese Dream” is a dream to improve peoples well-being and a drea

22、m of harmony,peace and development.“中国梦”是一个提升人民幸福感的梦,也是一个和谐、和平和发展的梦。(2)He missed the gold in the high jump,but will get a second chance in the long jump.他在跳高比赛中没有赢得金牌,但是,在跳远比赛中他还有一次(获得金牌的)机会。(二)定冠词 the的用法1.用在名词前表示特指。2.用在世界上独一无二的人或物、自然现象、发明物之前。3.用在序数词和最高级前。4.用于集合名词、物质名词和某些专有名词前。5.用在表示计量的名词前,如 by the

23、hour,by the week等,但若名词为抽象名词则不加冠词,如 by weight,by height 等。6.the形容词/分词表示一类人。7.用在年代、朝代名词前及逢十数词前。8.用在姓氏复数前,表示一家人或夫妇二人。(1)Marco Polo is said to have sailed on the Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in the thirteenth century.据说在十三世纪马可波罗去爪哇岛途中曾航行经过太平洋。(2)Its said John will be in a job paying over 60,000 a ye

24、ar.Right,he will also get paid by the week.据说约翰将拥有一份年薪超过 60 000美元的工作。是的,而且会按周获得报酬。(三)零冠词1.不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。2.称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时,不加冠词。3.月、季、星期、节假、洲前;三餐、球类、惯用语前;学科、棋类名词前,用零冠词。4.as/though引导的让步状语从句中,如果作表语的名词置于句首,名词前不用冠词。5.no与 such连用时应放在 such之前,such 后的名词不用冠词。96.纯不可数名词,不能与不定冠词连用。高考中常见的词有:ba

25、ggage,luggage,furniture,health,weather,fun,space(太空),advice,word(消息),progress,information,news,luck,wealth(财富),independence 等。(1)The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels,but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by sea.史密斯一家通常不喜欢住旅馆,但去年夏天他们在海边一家不错的旅馆住了几天。(2)Dr.Peter Spence,hea

26、dmaster of the school,told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们,这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。(3)Clever boy as he is,he cant solve such a difficult problem.尽管他是个聪明的孩子,但他无法解决这么难的问题。1.We have been making furniture for over 100 years,and have a worldwide for q

27、uality.(2018天津十二区县二模)A.contribution B.qualificationC.reputation D.institution答案 C解析 contribution 贡献,捐赠;qualification 资格,授权;reputation 名声,名望,名誉;institution 机构,学院。句意为:我们生产家具已有 100多年的历史,在质量上享誉世界。2.Since there isnt enough to show that this medicine works in children,it shouldnt be given to them.(2018南开区

28、二模)A.target B.symbolC.assumption D.evidence答案 D解析 target 目标;symbol 符号;assumption 假定,假设;evidence 证据。句意为:因为没有足够的证据证明这种药对儿童有效,所以不应该给他们服用。3.Some people believe that robots will take the place of the humans one day.What if that is the ?(2018红桥区一模)A.future B.resultC.end D.case10答案 D解析 future 将来;result 结果;

29、end 结尾,末端;case 情况,状况。根据下文表达的意思“即便是这种情况又怎样?”可知应选 D。4.Jims car crashed yesterday.Yes,but he had the good to escape injury when it happened.(2018和平区一模)A.memory B.conditionC.impression D.fortune答案 D解析 memory 记忆;condition 条件;impression 印象;fortune 幸运。根据句意和 to escape injury可知他有幸没有受伤。5.My cousin has decided

30、 to pursue career in music after his college graduation though his parents dont agree with decision.(2018天津一中 4月考)A./;the B.a;theC.a;a D.a;/答案 B解析 句意为:我表兄决定在大学毕业后从事音乐事业,尽管他的父母不同意这个决定。这里从事音乐事业是泛指一种职业,所以用不定冠词 a;decision 是特指表兄从事音乐的决定,所以用定冠词 the。6.Usually the Player of the Year title is given to a big n

31、ame from the best team.But this time there is a(n) .(2017河西区一模)A.break B.improvementC.exception D.tradition答案 C解析 句意为:通常情况下, “年度最佳球员”这一头衔会给最好球队中的大牌运动员,但是这一次却是个例外。由 Usually及 But可知选 C。exception 一般情况以外的人(或事物),例外。7.The fear of failing exams can cause you to panic and stress can be a(n) to your performan

32、ce at school.(2017河北区一模)A.solution B.invitationC.block D.access答案 C解析 solution 解决方法;invitation 邀请,诱因;block 障碍,街区,大块;access 接11近,入口。句意为:对考试失败的恐惧会引起你的恐慌,压力会阻碍你在学校的表现,故选C。8.I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale;it was a real .(2018南开区一模)A.exchange B.bargainC.trade D.business答案 B解析 exchange 交流,

33、交换;bargain 便宜货;trade 贸易;business 生意,商业。结合语境可知此处表示“真是便宜货”的意思。9.Unfortunately, stone hit him on head and he got injured.(2017南开区二模)A.the;a B.a;/C.a;the D.the;the答案 C解析 句意为:不幸的是,一块石头击中了他的头部,他受伤了。第一空表泛指,用不定冠词 a;第二空考查固定搭配:hit sb. on the head“打某人的头” ,用定冠词 the。故答案为 C。10.I prefer writing letters to talking

34、on phone.(2017河西区二模)A.the;a B./;theC.the;the D./;a答案 B解析 句意为:和打电话相比,我更喜欢写信。第一空 letters为名词复数其前不用冠词;第二空 on the phone为习惯搭配。专题强化练(十一).单项填空1.Although war still exists on our planet,I do believe its possible for different ethnic groups to live together in .(2017天津十二所重点中学二模)A.agreement B.harmonyC.connectio

35、n D.comparison答案 B12解析 句意为:尽管我们的星球上依然存在战争,但是我坚信不同种族的人民是能和谐相处的。live together in harmony 和谐相处。2.The development of industry has been gradual process throughout human existence,from stone tools to modern technology.(2018和平区二模)A./;the B.the;aC.a;/ D.a;a答案 C解析 本题第一空后的名词 process“过程” ,是一个可数名词,使用 a泛指一种渐进的过程

36、。第二空后的名词 human existence是一个抽象名词,要单独使用,不需要冠词。句意为:在人类的存在过程中,从石器时代到现代科技时代,工业的发展一直以来都是一个渐进的过程。3.It was a difficult job for him.He had tried everything but it made little .(2017南开区三模)A.use B.goodC.difference D.result答案 C解析 句意为:这项工作对他来说有点难。他尝试了各种方法,但收效甚微。make little difference意为“没多大的区别” ,为固定结构。类似的还有 make

37、no difference没有影响;make a difference 有影响,起(重要)作用。4.This is our contribution to world of the 21st century, world of independence and mutual understanding.(2017河东区一模)A.the;a B./;aC.a;the D.the;/答案 A解析 句意为:这是我们对 21世纪的世界的贡献,一个独立的、互相理解的世界。第一空用 the,特指“21 世纪的世界” ;第二空用 a,泛指“一个独立的、互相理解的世界” 。故答案为 A。5.What abou

38、t the party last night?It was great success.I think its great pity that you didnt attend it.(2018天津一中 5月考)A./;the B.a;aC./;a D.a;the答案 B13解析 第一空表示“一次巨大的成功” ,是抽象名词具体化,用不定冠词;第二空表示“一件遗憾的事情” ,pity 也是抽象名词具体化。6.Jianbing,one of the most popular snacks in China,appeals to almost everyone in America and has

39、become new food there.(2017河东区二模)A.usual B.hitC.common D.success答案 B解析 句意为:煎饼是中国最受欢迎的小吃之一。它几乎吸引了每一个美国人并且已成为那里新的风行一时的食品。usual 通常的;hit 在此处为名词,意为“成功而轰动(或风行)一时的人或物” ;common 常见的;success n.成功。7.My neighbor Molly is very kind-hearted.She usually volunteers to help poor in our community out of sympathy.(201

40、7天津一中 4月考)A./;the B.the;/C.a;the D.the;the答案 B解析 “the形容词”表示一类人,本题中 the poor 即是“穷人”之意;out of sympathy 意为“出于同情” ,为固定搭配。综上,故选 B。8.In recent years,Chinese arts have won the of a lot of people outside China.(2018河东区一模)A.reputation B.enjoymentC.appreciation D.entertainment答案 C解析 reputation 名声;enjoyment 喜欢

41、;appreciation 欣赏;entertainment 娱乐。根据句意“中国艺术赢得的是别国人民的欣赏、赞誉” ,可知 C项正确。9.Jane realized her to become the first woman to run the 10,000 metres within 30 minutes.(2018天津十二区县一模)A.achievement B.commitmentC.competition D.ambition答案 D解析 achievement 成就;commitment 保证;competition 竞赛,竞争;ambition 雄心,野心。成为第一个在 30分

42、钟内跑完 10 000米的女子,这应该是她的雄心,所以 D选项符合句意。10.Time and time again she was warned of the of her action.(2017红桥区14一模)A.effects B.resultsC.importance D.consequences答案 D解析 effect 影响;result 结果;importance 重要性;consequence 后果,往往指不良后果。题干中的 warn(警告)说明此处是“不良后果” ,故选 D。11.Janes grandmother had wanted to write childrens

43、 book for many years,but one thing or another always got in way.(2018滨海新区七校联考)A.a;/ B.the;theC./;the D.a;the答案 D解析 第一空使用不定代词表示泛指;第二空 in the way是固定搭配,意为“挡道,阻碍” 。12.It is important to pay your electricity bill on time,as late payments may affect your .(2017南开区一模)A.condition B.incomeC.credit D.status答案

44、 C解析 句意为:按时支付电子账单是很重要的,因为延期支付会影响你的信用。condition状态,条件;income 收入;status 地位,身份,情况。credit 信誉,信用,符合句意,故选 C。13.The of severe punishments plays a major role in the growing road safety problem.(2018天津一中 3月考)A.absence B.presenceC.existence D.evidence答案 A解析 absence 缺乏,不存在;presence 存在,出现;existence 存在,实有;evidenc

45、e 证据,迹象。句意为:严厉惩罚措施的缺失是导致日益严重的道路安全问题的重要因素。14.Anyway,I cant cheat him.Its against all my .(2018天津部分区县二模)15A.emotions B.principlesC.regulations D.opinions答案 B解析 emotion 情感;principle 原则;regulation 规定;opinion 观点。句意为:无论如何,我不能欺骗他。这违背了我的原则。15.One of most common illnesses in our society is “time sickness”, s

46、ense of time pressure and hurry that causes anxiety and tension.(2016南开区一模)A./;a B./;theC.the;a D.the;the答案 C解析 第一空最高级前用定冠词 the;第二空 a sense of.意为“感” ,为固定搭配。.阅读理解A(2018天津部分区县一模)Bullying(欺凌) among schoolchildren is nothing new.Calling someone names,stealing their possessions,threatening and even beati

47、ng them up are all well-established bullying techniques.Yet for young people today there is a relatively new form of bullying which can occur even when the bullies are nowhere near their victims and it can have equal,if not more damaging effects.Online-bullying is one of the downsides of new technol

48、ogy and involves using devices like mobile phones and computers.Online-bullies can strike at any time,no matter where they,or their victims are.About 22 percent of young people in the UK claim to have suffered from online-bullying.Not only are online-bullies harder to avoid,they are also harder to catch.It is all too easy to send an anonymous (匿名的) threat by text on a pay-as-you-go phone with an unknown number.It takes no time at all to set up a false Facebook,Twitter,blog or social network account and to post an insulting message.And,if you know how to hide your

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