1、1十四、文章结构题一、篇章结构题(2018“六校联盟”第三次联考)Careers in zoology are extremely varied and unique，and can provide incredible learning and work opportunities for anyone devoted to animal studies and welfare.Zoology，or the study of animals，is a wide field with many specialties，including research，conservation，veteri
2、nary(兽医的) medicine，and the care of animals.For people with a love of animals and some training，dreams of careers in zoology may come true.Some careers in zoology focus on research and scientific studies.These careers may allow those with a good theoretical science background to develop and run studi
3、es that improve human understanding of the animal world.Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and habitat preservation.Careers in zoology that focus on conserv
4、ation attach great importance to the continued survival and increased protection of animal species.Conservationists may work with political groups or governments to help make laws to protect and preserve animals，or may work in the field gathering information on potential threats to the health of glo
5、bal ecosystems.Some conservationists work in educational fields，trying to improve human efforts to save animals from 2extinction.Animals are subject to illness and injury，and some careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field，an
6、d may take several years of intensive training to qualify as a certified veterinarian.While many veterinarians focus on the small-animal practice of domestic pets，vets in rural areas often work with large farm animals and more adventurous veterinarians may work with exotic species in zoos and wildli
7、fe preserves.Humans love to observe animals，and modern-day zoos and wildlife preserves help meet that interest while providing facilities to assist with conservation programs.Zoology careers in zoos can range from overseeing breeding programs，to creating the proper diet for a deer，or to cleaning the
8、 tigers cage.Many volunteer and entry-level jobs are available for people that love animals.语 篇 解 读 文 章 介 绍 了 动 物 学 相 关 职 业 的 多 样 性 ， 并 就 四 种 相 关 的 职 业 进 行 了 具 体 讲 解 。1.What is the purpose of researching on animals in zoology?A.To help governments make laws.B.To improve researchers scientific knowle
9、dge.C.To create safe and effective products for humans.D.To educate people to protect animals.答案 D解析 细节理解题。根据第二段末句“Research in zoology can help create safer and more effective products for animals or can teach humans more about animal behavior in order to aid in conservation，breeding programs，and ha
10、bitat preservation.”可知，动物学研究动物的目的是教育人们保护动物。故选 D。2.What can careers in zoology that focus on veterinary medicine help?A.Better understand animals.B.Protect animals health.C.Clean the animals cages.D.Increase the number of animals.答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第四段前两句“Animals are subject to illness and injury，and som
11、e careers in zoology help to create a safe，stable animal population.Veterinary medicine is an important specialty field.”可知，动物易得疾病且易受伤害，动物学方面的某些职业如兽医学有助于创造一个安全、稳定的动物种群。3由此可知，B 项描述正确，故选 B。3.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole passage?(P1Paragraph 1；P2Paragraph 2；P3Paragraph 3；P4Pa
12、ragraph 4；P5Paragraph 5)答案 A解析 篇章结构题。第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。后边四个段落从不同角度对第一段进行分述，A 项图例符合文章结构。故选 A。4.What does the passage mainly present?A.Volunteers passion for zoology.B.A new idea of careers in zoolog
13、y.C.Different types of careers in zoology.D.Effective measures of animal protection.答案 C解析 主旨大意题。文章介绍了动物学的相关职业是非常多样和独特的，并就四种职业进行了讲解。故选 C。二、写作手法题There are many places to go on safari(观赏野生动物) in Africa，but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswanas Okavango Delta must rank as one of the wo
14、rlds most exciting wildlife journeys.Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure，providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta.The camps have excellent horses，professional guides and lots of support workers.They have a reputation for providing a great riding exper
15、ience.The morning ride，when the guides take you to beautiful，shallow lakes full of water lilies，tends to be more active.It is unlike any other riding 4experience.With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face，it is truly e
16、xciting.You are very likely to come across large wild animals，too.On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants，giraffes and many other animals.The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though，as does your heart rate，as you move closer to them.In the evening，rides are us
17、ually at a more relaxed and unhurried pace，with golden light streaming across the grassy delta and the animals coming out to eat and drink.Sedate though they are，rides at this time of day are still very impressive.As the suns rays pass through the dust kicked up by the horses，the romance of Africa c
18、omes to life.Back at the camp you can kick off your boots and enjoy excellent food and wine.Looking back on your day，you will find it hard to deny that a horseback safari is as close as you will ever come to answering the call of the wild.The author introduces the riding experience in the Okavango D
19、elta mainly by .A.following space orderB.following time orderC.making classificationsD.giving examples答案 B解析 写作手法题。整篇文章是根据在非洲观赏野生动物的时间顺序组织的。一、题型解读近几年天津卷均未对篇章结构题这一考点进行考查，但近几年地方卷偶有涉及。此类题目能全面地、深层次地考查考生的阅读理解能力，为防止 2019年高考爆冷，仅编写此考点，供学有余力的考生选用。二、解题技巧把脉络看结构篇章结构题主要是针对文章的整体篇章结构或某一段落的展开层次所设置的问题。高考对文章结构的考查主要涉及
20、两个层次：一是按段落的组织方法理解文章的结构；二是按写作手法(论证方法)理解文章的结构。设问形式常有：(1)Which of the following shows the development of ideas in this passage?(2)Which of the following shows the organization/structure of the (whole) passage?因此这类题的解题方法也分为两种，如下图所示：5注意：1.文章的段落组织通常采用“总分；分总；总分总”的框架。2.内容的展开则常用以下手法：时间顺序：按时间先后顺序说明某一事物的发展情况。空
21、间顺序：按照事物的空间结构顺序进行描写或说明。例证关系：所列举的事物用来论证观点，通常是数据、事例等。对比或类比关系：这类文章通常以对比各事物之间的共同点或差异为主。例如：【感悟体会】 一中第 3题，通读全文，把握各段大意可知：第一段介绍了动物学方面的职业是多样而独特的，是总述。第二段从研究方面介绍；第三段介绍了自然保护的动物学工作；第四段是兽医学可以保护动物健康的介绍；第五段讲述了现代的动物园和野生动物保护区既有助于满足人们的兴趣，又提供了一些设施来帮助保护动物。分析每一段的关系发现：后面四个段落从不同的角度对第一段进行了分述，所以这篇文章是“总分”结构，A项图例符合文章结构。故选 A。【感
22、悟体会】二中，通读全文发现文章中出现很多线索词，如 The morning ride，In the evening，Back at the camp，可知文章是根据时间顺序来介绍骑马观赏野生动物的。故选B项。ADuring the high school career，students may begin to question the importance of a college education.They might find themselves asking， “Why is it important to go to college？” The answer is that，mo
23、re than ever，college graduates enjoy much greater opportunities available to them than those who have not received a college education.For many high school students，being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought.They may also be affected by the rising cost of t
24、uition，and while it is true that a higher education may be one of the largest expenses you will ever face，the importance of a college education has become quite evident in terms of earning potential within todays economy.6Why should you go to college? One important answer to this question is more op
25、portunities.As opposed to generations of the past，high school graduates today are unable to obtain high-paying jobs that were once available.The U.S.has been transformed from a manufacturing-based economy to an economy based on knowledge，and the importance of a college education today can be compare
26、d to that of a high school education forty years ago.It serves as the gateway to better options and more opportunities.There are additional reasons as to why it is important to go to college.When students experience a post secondary education，they have the opportunity to read books and listen to the
27、 lectures of top experts in their fields.This encourages students to think，ask questions，and explore new ideas，which allows for additional growth and development and provides college graduates with more opportunities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education.The import
28、ance of a college education is also stressed because of the opportunity to gain valuable resources during the study.The more connections which are collected during your college career， the more options you will have when you begin your job search.Once you have ended your job search and have started
29、your career，however，the importance of a college education has not been exhausted.Having a college degree often provides for greater promotion opportunity.So，why should you go to college? The reasoning does not begin and end with the job aspect.A good education is beneficial from many different viewp
30、oints，and though the importance of a college education is quite evident for many high school students，what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education.1.Why do some high school graduates prefer working to college study?A.To obtain high-paying jobs.B.To earn money at an early age.C.
31、To spend less money on tuition.D.To adapt to the knowledge-based society.答案 B解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第一句“For many high school students，being able to immediately generate an income after graduation is an appealing thought.”可知，7对许多高中生来说，高中毕业后能立即获得收入是一个吸引人的想法。2.The author most likely agrees with the idea that .A
32、.too much time is spent on lectures in college studyB.high school education is a gateway to more opportunitiesC.college graduates gain more chances over others in job marketD.a college degree guarantees promotion in American companies答案 C解析 推理判断题。根据第四段中的“provides college graduates with more opportun
33、ities in the job market over those who have not experienced a higher education”可知，大学毕业生在就业市场上会获得更多的机会。3.What is most likely to be talked about in the paragraph after the last paragraph of the passage?A.Refusing college education.B.Changing college education.C.Receiving college education.D.Affording
34、college education.答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“what is often not as clear is how they will pay for that education”可推知，下文应该讨论怎样为大学教育付费。4.What can be the best title for the passage?A.Importance of College EducationB.Education Means OpportunityC.Which Is More Important，Job Or Education?D.How to Survive in the
35、 College答案 A解析 标题归纳题。通读全文并根据各个段落的首句可知，本文主要讨论大学教育的重要性。故 A项作本文标题最佳。5.Which of the following shows the development of ideas in the passage?I：Introduction P：Point Sp：Sub-point(次要点) C：Conclusion8答案 D解析 篇章结构题。第一段说明高中生认识到大学教育的重要性；第二段说明高中生面对继续上大学还是工作的矛盾选择；第三、四、五段说明接受大学教育的重要性；最后一段总结大学教育的好处。B(2018天津部分区县二模)Soc
36、iety tells us that we should count our blessings，focus on all that we have and feel grateful for what weve been given.But there is nothing wrong with “healthy discontent”.In fact，healthy discontent is what motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances.Without that feeling that life could b
37、e better，its easier to stand still.I always have a certain level of discomfort.That discomfort drives me to work hard at my job.I dont just want to remain where I am.Professionally，I want to keep getting better.Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to alw
38、ays try to improve it by making it look better.My feelings of discontent about my job and my home dont mean that I dont appreciate them.Its an incredible blessing to be able to work and be paid for ones efforts.Similarly，if you live in a safe place，with running water，heating，and air conditioning，you
39、 are incredible fortunate.These are not things to be taken for granted.However，we should be striving(力争) to improve.If you happen to be good at playing the piano，you should work to continually improve your skills.The same hold true for our personal development.If you have areas in your personality t
40、hat need improvement，you should work on them，too.For instance，I can be very impatient.As a result，I work hard to try to conquer that flaw(缺点) by keeping my impatience to myself.When we feel 9discontent about ourselves，we have to be honest with ourselves.Its easy to make excuses for our bad behavior，
41、but we need to face our discontent head on and say to ourselves， “I need to work on this.” This week，consider whether you have a healthy discontent in your life.Have you become so settled in your life that you dont see regular improvement? Do you have a character flaw that you wish you didnt have? D
42、ont ignore these things.Instead，take steps to address your areas of discontent and keep improving your life every day.No matter how great we think things are going，theres always room for improvement.6.What is stressed in Paragraph 1? A.The gratitude for what we have.B.The importance of healthy disco
43、ntent.C.The lessons from society.D.The easiness of standing still.答案 B解析 段落大意题。根据第一段最后两句“In fact，healthy discontent is what motivates us to improve ourselves and our circumstances.Without that feeling that life could be better，its easier to stand still.”可知，第一段强调了健康不满的重要性。7.Why does the author have f
44、eelings of discontent about his job and home? A.He doesnt treasure them.B.He is particular about them.C.He desires to improve them.D.He is difficult to satisfy.答案 C解析 细节理解题。根据第二段最后两句“Likewise，I always have a certain amount of discontent about my home.That drives me to always try to improve it by mak
45、ing it look better.”可知，作者对他的工作和家庭感到不满是因为他希望改进它们。 8.When we are in safe and comfort zone，we tend to .A.feel lucky B.go wild with excitement C.spare no effort to change ourselves D.make no attempt to make progress 10答案 D解析 推理判断题。根据文章第四段可推知，当我们处于安全舒适区时，我们往往不会试图取得进步。9.What does the author advise you to
46、do if you have personal flaws? A.Leave them as they are.B.Make efforts to overcome them.C.Make excuses for them.D.Be patient with ourselves.答案 B解析 推理判断题。根据第五段最后一句及第六段作者举的自己克服缺乏耐心的缺点的例子可知，如果你有缺点，作者建议你努力克服它们。10.The author supports his view mostly by .A.listing some questions B.telling his own experien
47、ces C.analyzing various causes of healthy discontent D.revealing frustrating consequences of healthy discontent 答案 B解析 写作手法题。通读全文可知，作者主要是通过讲述自己的经历来支持他的观点的。题型组合练(十七).单项填空1.Word power section should be taken seriously because of the benefits can have on students vocabulary building.A.this B.thatC.it D
48、.one答案 C解析 句意为：因为词汇拓展部分对学生词汇积累有好处，它应该被认真对待。benefits后是一个定语从句，从句中省略了关系代词 that或 which，it 作从句的主语，指代前文的Word power section，故选 C项。2.As Charles Darwin wrote in The Descent of Man， “The highest possible stage in moral culture is we recognize that we ought to control our minds.”A.that B.how C.where D.when11答案
49、 D解析 when 为连接副词，引导表语从句，在从句作时间状语。3.However difficult it seems to be，you will make it you put your heart into it.A.so that B.as thoughC.as long as D.in that答案 C解析 句意为：无论它看起来有多困难，只要你全身心地投入，你就会成功。so that 以便，所以；as though 好像，仿佛；as long as 只要；in that 因为。4.Mr Black had such a wonderful time he travelled all over the country last year.A.when B.that C.which D.as答案 A解析 句意为：当布莱克先生去年游遍全国各地时，他度过了非常愉快的时光。前后文构成时间关系，而不是因果关系，排除 B项。5.I must have eaten something wrong.I feel like .I told you not to eat at a restaurant.Youd better at home
