(浙江选考)2019届高考物理二轮复习19_23题:20题专练小卷.doc

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1、120 题专练小卷1.如图甲所示为 一景区游乐滑道,游客坐在坐垫上沿着花岗岩滑道下滑,他可依靠手、脚与侧壁间的摩擦来控制下滑速度。滑道简化图如乙所示,滑道由 AB、 BC、 CD 三段组成,各段之间平滑连接。AB 段和 CD 段与水平面夹角为 1,竖直距离均为 h0,BC 段与水平面夹角为 2,竖直距 离为 h0。一12质量为 m 的游客从 A 点由静止开始下滑,到达底端 D 点时的安全速度不得大于 ,已知20sin 1= 、sin 2= ,坐垫与滑道底面间摩擦及空气阻力均不计,若未使用坐垫,游客与滑道底面间14 18的摩擦力大小 Ff恒为重力的 ,运动过程中游客始终不离开滑道,问:110(1

2、)游客使用坐垫自由下滑(即与侧壁间无摩擦),则游客在 BC 段增加的动能 Ek多大?(2)若游客未使用坐垫且与侧壁间无摩擦下滑,则游客到达 D 点时是否安全?(3)若游客使用坐垫下滑,则克服侧壁摩擦力做功的最小值是多少?2.如图所示,在水平轨道右侧安放半径为 R=0.2 m 的竖直圆形光滑轨道,水平轨道的 PQ 段铺设特殊材料,调节其初始长度为 L=1 m,水平轨道左侧有一轻质弹簧,弹簧左端固定,弹簧处于自然状态。质量为 m=1 kg 的小物块 A(可视为质点)从轨道右侧以初速度 v0=2 m/s 冲上轨道,通过圆形轨道、3水平轨道后压缩弹簧并被弹簧以原速率弹回,经水平轨道返回圆形轨道。物块

3、A 与 PQ 段间的动摩擦因数 = 0.2,轨道其他部分摩擦不计,重力加速度 g 取 10 m/s2。求:(1)物块 A 与弹簧刚接触时的速度大小 v1;(2)物块 A 被弹簧以原速率弹回返回到圆形轨道的高度 h1;(3)调节 PQ 段的长度 L,A 仍以 v0从轨道右侧冲上轨道,当 L 满足什么条件时,物块 A 能第一次返回圆形轨道且能沿轨道运动而不脱离轨道。220 题专练小卷1.答案 (1) mgh0 (2)不安全 (3) mgh012 32解析 (1)重力在 BC 段做的功即为增加的动能 Ek可得 Ek=WG= mgh012(2)在 AD 段,由动能定理,得mg -12Ffh0=(0+1

4、20+0) 12m2vD= 到达 D 点时不安全2.6020(3)到达 D 点的速度为 ,对应的功最小。20在 AD 段,由动能定理,得mg(h0+ h0+h0)-W= ,12 12m2解得 W= mgh0322.答案 (1) v1=2 m/s (2)h1=0.2 m=R2(3)1 m L1.5 m 或 L0 .25 m解析 ( 1)设物块 A 与弹簧刚接触时的速度大小为 v1,物块从开始运动到 P 的过程,由动能定理,可得:-mgL=12m1212m22代入数据解得: v1=2 m/s2(2)物块 A 被弹簧以原速率弹回返回到圆形轨道的高度为 h1,由动能定理得:-mgL-mgh 1=0-12m12代入数据解得: h1=0.2 m=R,符合实际(3) 若 A 沿轨道上滑至最大高度 h2时,速度减为 0,则 h2满足:0 h2 R由动能定理得 :-2mgL 1-mgh2=0-12m02联立解得:1 m L11.5 m 若 A 能沿轨道上滑 至最高点 ,则满足:m mg22由动能定理得:-2mgL 2-mg2R=12m2212m02联立解得: L20 .25 m综上所述,要使物块 A 能第一次返回圆形轨道并沿轨道运动而不脱离轨道, L 满足的条件是:1 m L1.5 m 或 L0 .25 m。

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