1、1专题 11 定语从句【2019 年高考考纲解读】定语从句是高考的热点，主要考查关系代词和关系副词的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。主要考点有：关系代词 which 引导的非限制性定语从句；关系副词 where 引导的定语从句(近三年来常考查先行词是表示抽象空间概念的名词的情况)；“介词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句；as 引导的非限制性定语从句。【重点、难点剖析】一、定语从句与并列句的区别请观察下面三个句子：1Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination, _ disappointed his mother.2Wa
2、ng Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination and _ disappointed his mother.3Wang Hong failed in the College Entrance Examination; _ disappointed his mother.第一句话：句中有逗号，根据句意可知，空白处的内容应该指的是前面整个句子的内容，是对前文信息的补充说明，因此，此句是非限制性定语从句，用关系代词 which；第二句话：句中有并列连词 and，因此整个句子是一个并列句，所以可以用代词 it 指代前面句子的内容。第三句话：句中有分
3、号，这表明整个句子是一个并列句，因此可以用代词 it 指代前面句子的内容。【解题技巧】判断是定语从句还是并列句，要注意句中的标点符号和句中的连接词。如果句与句之间有连词或者分号，则是并列句；如果是逗号，且逗号后的内容是对前面某一名词的补充说明，则是非限制性定语从句，应该使用关系词。二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中介词的选择是一个常考点，也是一个难点。请看下面三个句子，填上合适的介词，并从中发现一些规律。1He was educated at a local grammar school, _ which he went on to Cambridg
4、e.2This is the farm _ which he worked two years ago.23In the dark street there was not a single person _ whom she could turn for help.第一句话：根据句意可知，他在一所当地的语法学校学习之后去了 Cambridge，故介词用 after。此句中介词的使用与句子的意义有关。第二句话：把从句补充完整为 he worked two years ago on the farm (“在农场”为“on the farm”)，句中介词的选用取决于先行词的意义，即介词跟先行词的搭
5、配。第三句话：在黑暗的街道上，没有一个她可以求助的人。“向某人求助”这个短语是“turn to sb. for help”，因此此处用介词 to。此句中介词的选用取决于从句中的动词固定搭配。因此，考生在确定其中的介词时，可从以下三方面入手：1句子的意思；2.先行词的意义；3.从句中的动词固定搭配。【特别提醒】注意 way(方式)后接定语从句时的引导词。先行词是 way，当引导词在从句中作状语时，关系词用 in which, that 或者省略；当引导词在从句中作主语或宾语时，用 that/which 引导(作宾语时，引导词也可以省略 )。比较：The way(that/which) he ex
6、plained to us was quite simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the way to us，可以看出引导词在从句中作 explained 的宾语 )The way(that/in which) he explained the sentence was simple.(把从句补充完整：he explained the sentence in the way，可以看出引导词在从句中作状语 )三、引导词 as, which 的区别1引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句内容时的区别：(1)表达“正如”之意时，用 as，如果仅指代整个主句内容而没有“正如”之意，
7、则用 which。He went abroad, which was unexpected.他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。She is a good doctor, as her mother used to be.她是一个很出色的医生，和她母亲当年一样。(2)当从句位于主句前面时，只用 as。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 2限制性定语从句中 有 such, the same 时，其后常用 as 引导定语从句(the same 后也可用 that，但意义不一样)。He i
8、s such a good teacher as we all love and respect.他是一个我们都爱戴和尊敬的好老师。3This is the same pen as I lost.这支钢笔和我丢的那支一样。3as 引导非限制性定语从句时，只能指代整个主句内容，而 which 既可以指代整个主句内容，又可以指代先行词。The river, which flows through London, is called the Thames.这条流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。(不用 as)4as 常与从句中的 know, see, hear, expect 等动词连用，也常用于 as oft
9、en happens, as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中。He was absent from school, as is often the case.他缺课了，这是常事。 【变式探究】 【2016北京】22. I live next door to a couple _ children often make a lot of noise.A. whose B. why C. where D. which【答案】A【举一反三】(2015四川，3)The books on the desk， covers are shiny，are prizes for us.解
10、析 考查定语从句。句意：桌上的书是给我们的奖励，那些书的封面闪闪发光。本题考查非限制性定语从句的连接词，先行词为 the books，和 covers 之间是所有关系，故用 whose。答案 whose【变式探究】A company profits from home markets are declining may seek opportunities abroad.解析 考查定语从句。句意：利润来源于国内市场且在下降的公司可以到国外寻找机会。此处关系代词 whose 作定语。答案 whose【变式探究】I wish to thank Professor Smith，without _ h
11、elp I would never have got this far.Awho Bwhose Cwhom Dwhich【答案】B4【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。句意：我想感谢 Smith 教授，没有他的帮助我不会取得这样的成绩。从句中的 help 是名词，与 Professor Smith 是所属关系，故用 whose。【变式探究】The old temple _ roof was damaged in a storm is now under repair.Awhere Bwhich Cits Dwhose【答案】D【方法技巧】1whose 引导的定语从句whose 在定语从句中作定语，后
12、面要接名词，其含义是“(先行词)的” 。whose 既可以指人也可以指物。(1)表示物时相当于“the名词ofwhich”或“ofwhichthe名词” 。(2)表示人时相当于“the名词ofwhom”或“ofwhomthe名词” 。2whose 引导的定语从句与并列句的区别whose 引导的定语从句易与含有物主代词 its，their 的并列句混淆。如：China has the 3rd longest river in the world，whose name is the Yangze River.(定语从句)China has the 3rd longest river in the
13、world，and its name is the Yangze River.(并列句) 题型三、where 引导的定语从句【例 3】(2018江苏，23)Self-driving is an area _ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.Athat BwhereCwhich Dwhen答案 B解析 句意为：自动驾驶是中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的一个领域。分析句子结构可知，area 作定语从句的先行词，从句中缺少地点状语，要用 where 引导。that 和 which 为关系代词，在定语从句中
14、作主语、宾语或表语；when 是关系副词，在定语从句中作时间状语。【变式探究】 (2015北京，24 改编)Opposite is St.Pauls Church，_you can hear some lovely music. 5立意与点拨：从句中缺少地点状语。 答案：where 本句为定语从句，先行词是表示地点的专有名词 St.Pauls Church，从句中缺少地点状语，所以填 where。句意：对面是圣保罗大教堂，在教堂里你能听到一些优美的音乐。【变式探究】Many countries are now setting up national parks _ animals and pl
15、ants can be protected.【答案】where 【举一反三】He wrote a letter _ he explained what had happened in the accident.【答案】where 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他写了一封信，在信中，他解释了这起事故中发生的事情。定语从句中有主语和宾语，先行词在从句中作地点状语，关系副词 where 相当于 in which。【变式探究】Sales director is a position _ communication ability is just as important as sales skills.
16、Awhich Bthat Cwhen Dwhere【答案】D【解析】where 引导定语从句并在从句中作状语，相当于 in which，即 in the position。【变式探究】Whatever is left over may be put into the refrigerator，_ it will keep for two or three weeks.Awhen Bwhich Cwhere Dwhile【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。句意：无论剩下什么东西，都可以放入冰箱中，在那儿可以保存两三个星期。“where it will keep for two or three we
17、eks”是定语从句，关系副词 where 在从句中作地点状语。【方法技巧】不是地点胜似“地点”“模糊化的地点”要用关系副词 where高考试题中对于 where 的考查趋于复杂，从先行词为明显的“地点”转为“模糊化的地点” 。事实上，对于 where 这个词不能只理解为表地点。当先行词是表示某物的 situation/case，到了何种地步(point)，或某事物所发展的阶段 stage，或表达某事的某个方面(scene)时，都可用 where。6They have reached the_point_where they have to separate with each other.他们
18、已经到了必须分手的地步。Later in this chapter cases will be introduced to readers where consumer complains have resulted in changes in the law.(wherein the cases)消费者的抱怨导致法律的改变的案例将在本章稍后向读者介绍。这些不是地点胜似“地点”的名词的归属问题即当不当“地点”看是解答这类定语从句的关键。 题型四、as 引导的定语从句【例 4】(2017北京卷改编)I have never performed such a task that youve ask
19、ed me to do. _【解析】句意：我从来没有做过你要我做的这种工作。关系词引导定语从句，并在从句中作宾语指物，题干中有 such，故此处用关系代词 as 引导这个定语从句，且 as 在从句中作 do 的宾语。【答案】thatas【变式探究】 (2015江苏，21)The number of smokers, is reported, has dropped by 17 percent in just one year. 解析 句意：据报道，吸烟者的数量在一年内下降了 17%。as 引导的定语从句，在这里作主语，意为“正如，这一点” ，代替整个主句的内容。答案 as【变式探究】The a
20、ir quality in the city，_ is shown in the report，has improved over the past two months.Athat Bit Cas Dwhat【答案】C【变式探究】A lot of language learning，_ has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.Aas Bit Cwhich Dthis【答案】A【解析】句意
21、：正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。考查非限制性定语从句中关系代词的选用。根据句子结构可知，空格处为非限制性7定语从句的引导词，先行词为一个句子(即 A lot of language learning is happening.)，先行词在定语从句中作主语。当定语从句为被动语态时，常用 as 作主语来引导定语从句；如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用 which 作主语。故答案为 A 项，as 意为：正如。【方法技巧】as 引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式(1)Error!其中关系代词 as 在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。如：We
22、have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as 作主语)These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们预料的那样的低价出售。(as 作宾语)He is not the same man as he was.他和过去不同了。(as 作表语)注意：such.as.引导的定语从句与 such.that.引导的状语从句的区别：Error!第一个句子中 as 引导的是定语从句，因为从句中缺成分；而第二个句子
23、中 that 引导的是状语从句，从句中不缺任何成分。 (2)such as.such 为代词，意为“这样的人或物” ，as 在从句中作成分，修饰先行词 such。如：This book is not such as I expect.这不是我想要的书。(as 作宾语) 题型五、介词+关系代词【例 5】The children, all of _ had played the whole day long, were worn out.【答案】whom 【举一反三】He may win the competition, _ case he is likely to get into the na
24、tional team.【答案】in which 【解析】考查定语从句。句意：他也许会赢得比赛，那样的话，他就可能会进入国家队。此处引导定语从句，in which case 指代“他可能会赢得比赛”这件事情。8【变式探究】Care of the soul is a gradual process _ even the small details of life should be considered.Awhat Bin what Cwhich Din which【答案】D 【变式探究】Julie was good at German，French and Russian，all of _ s
25、he spoke fluently.Awho Bwhom Cwhich Dthat【答案】C【解析】考查定语从句。先行词为物，且关系代词用在介词后面，故应用 which。句意：Julie 擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三种语言她说得都很流利。【变式探究】She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction _ had taken more than three years.Afor which Bwith which Cof which Dto which【答案】C【解析】句意：她带着游客参观了这个博物馆花了三年多才建成的建筑。the
26、construction of(的建筑)，which 指代 the museum。【归纳总结】如何选择“介词关系代词”中的介词在“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句中，介词的选择是关键，也是考生深感头痛之处。介词的选择可依据以下原则：(1)根据该介词和先行词的固定搭配来确定。I admire my English teacher very much from whom I learn a lot.(learn from sb 为固定搭配)(2)根据定语从句中的动词习惯搭配来确定。There are some people to whom you can turn.(turn to sb 为固定搭配)
27、(3)根据从句中的形容词搭配来确定。He introduced me some reference books with which I am not very familiar.(be familiar with 为固定搭配)9(4)表示“所属关系”或“整体中的部分”时用介词 of。She has seen many films，of which Kung Fu Panda is her favorite.(5)有一些动词短语不能拆开，如 pay attention to，look after，take care of 等。 【误区警示】1误用关系词例 1、I can never forge
28、t the day _we spent together in the summer camp.Well, especially the day _ it suddenly began to rain in the middle of the night. 易错警示：学生只注意先行词，不分析从句缺少成分，从而导致全填关系词 when。 2误判从句类型例 2、_ is reported in the newspapers, talks between the two countries are making progress. 易错警示：学生受思维定势影响，极易误填 It。 答案：As 由逗号可
29、知，这是一个非限制性定语从句，引导词位于句首，且意为“正如” ，所以填as。3忽略标点符号例 3、In our school there are 2,000 students. About two fifths of _ are girls. 易错警示：学生受思维定势影响，不注意标点符号，极易误填 whom。 答案：them 标点符号在定语从句中，尤其是以逗号连接主从句的非限制性定语从句中作用极大，又极易被学生忽视。许多同学不注意标点符号的特定作用，认为只要是主从指代无误，翻译通顺就可以，因而常易导致错误。一般情况下两句话之间以逗号连接，则两句话间应是一种逻辑上的主从关系(特殊情况除外)；另外 that 不能引导非限制性定语从句。
