1、1第三讲主旨大意题抽取主干细加工主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。正确选项特征 干扰选项特征1.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。2.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词作为选项的设置内容，或以次要
2、的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3.移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者有意识地把本属于 A 的内容放在 B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案。1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。4.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。类型一 标题归纳题一、常见设问方式The best title of the passage is _.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?What wo
3、uld be the best title for the passage?The most appropriate title of the passage is _.二、解题必备知能(一)理解标题的 3 大特点一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1概括性准确而又简短；2针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3醒目性能引发读者的阅读欲望。(二)巧用 3 大方法确定文章标题1正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；23研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化
4、、结构、概括性等。例 (2018全国卷阅读 B)Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home eac
5、h week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been able to put a lot of what shes learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 1
6、4, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant， ” she explains. “I pay 5 for a portion (一份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we
7、re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”The eightpart series (系列节目), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly hous
8、ehold expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.27What
9、can be a suitable title for the text?AKeeping Fit by Eating SmartBBalancing Our Daily DietCMaking Yourself a Perfect ChefDCooking Well for Less解题示范第一步：读文章，概括文意本文是一篇新闻报道。 早安英国的节目主持人苏珊娜瑞德新推出了一档节目Save Money: Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断3A 通过明智的吃来保持健康文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。以偏概全，主次
10、不分B 平衡我们的日常饮食文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。无中生有，生搬硬套C 让你自己成为一个完美的厨师文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。以偏概全，主次不分D 用的少，烹饪好文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。涵盖性强，覆盖全文答案 D类型二 文章大意题一、常见设问方式Whats the main idea/point of the passage?The passage is mainly about _.The passage is mainly concerned about _.Which of the following best states the
11、 main idea of the passage?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?In this passage the author discusses primarily _.The subject discussed in this text is _.The general/main idea of the passage is about _.二、解题必备知能掌握寻找主题句的 4 个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中
12、心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1段落中出现表示转折的词语(如 however, but, in fact, actually 等)时，该句很可能是
13、主题句。2首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。43作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion 等词，通常是主旨。例 (2018全国卷阅读 C)Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the w
14、orld was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit (联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soo
15、n afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation an
16、d better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general ru
17、le is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accou
18、nts for well over 800. The median number (中位数) of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busu
19、u in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), Lipan Apache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a questionmark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.31What is the main idea of the text?ANew languages will be created.BPeoples l
20、ifestyles are reflected in languages.5CHuman development results in fewer languages.DGeography determines language evolution.解题示范第一步：读文章，概括文意文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A 新语言将会被创造。文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。移花接木，偷换概念B 人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。文中没有这种说法。无中生有，生搬硬套C 人类的发展导致语言越来越少。文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变化以及现在很
21、多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。涵盖性强，覆盖全文D 地理决定语言的发展。文中没有这种说法。无中生有，生搬硬套答案 C类型三 段落大意题一、常见设问方式What does the author tell us in Paragraph .?The main idea of the second paragraph probably is _.The first paragraph is mainly about _.Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?What is the first paragraph mainly about?二
22、、解题必备知能归纳段落大意的 2 种方法方法 1：概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；6(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系
23、；(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法 2：揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。例 (2017全国卷阅读 C 节选)Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle
24、named the Transition has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons p
25、er hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.28What is the first paragraph mainly about?AThe basic data of the Transition.BThe advantages of flying cars.CThe potential market for flying cars.DThe designers of the Transition.解题示范第一步：读文章，概括段意该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车 the Transition 的相关情
26、况：制造商：Terrafugia Inc.首飞成功：completed its first flight上市时间：within the next year飞车名字：the Transition飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon7由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车 the Transition 的一些基
27、本数据。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A飞车 the Transition 的基本数据。A 项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。涵盖性强，覆盖全段B飞车的一些优点。该选项错误在于以下两点：该段介绍了名字为 the Transition 的飞车；而不是全部飞车(flying cars)。该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。无中生有，生搬硬套C飞车的潜在市场。原文没有提及。无中生有，生搬硬套D飞车 the Transition 的设计商。该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。以偏概全，主次不分答案 A课堂应用体验 AJens Danielsen kneeled on his dogsled as it slid alo
28、ng the rough edge of a frozen sea. The 15 dogs in his team moved carefully. Despite the bitter cold of late March, the ice had broken up, making travel dangerous. “The sea ice used to be three feet thick here， ” Jens says. “Now its only four inches thick.”Jens is a 45yearold hunter from Qaanaaq, a v
29、illage of about 650 people. He was heading toward the ice edge to find walruses (海象), as Inuit hunters have always done. With 57 dogs to feed, as well as his extended family, hell need to kill several walruses on this trip.Normally the ice comes to northwestern Greenland in September and stays until
30、 June. But during the past few years the ice has been thick and the hunting good for only three or four weeks. The ice shelf gives hunters access to the walruses, seals, and whales they hunt. Without it, hunting becomes nearly impossible. In one recent winter, Qaanaaqs hunters found themselves witho
31、ut sufficient food to feed their starving dogs. The hunters asked for help, and the government responded with money while fishing corporations assisted by sending fish by airplane.Today, fewer than 500 ice hunters are able to live by hunting alone. They 8travel by dogsled, wear skins, and hunt with
32、harpoons. At the same time, they also use guns, cellphones, and watch TV. “This changing weather is bad for us， ” Jens says. “Some of our people have to find other ways to make a living.” The government now funds job training programs to help ice hunters find other employment.Warmer weather does pro
33、vide some opportunities. Quantities of valuable fish that prefer warmer water are increasing, and melting ice has uncovered some of Greenlands valuable natural resources minerals and metals. But the last ice hunters may not be able to get used to working as fishermen, in mines, or in power plants. A
34、s Jens says, “Without ice, we cant live. Without ice, were nothing at all.”语 篇 解 读 ： 本 文 是 一 篇 记 叙 文 。 文 章 讲 述 了 冰 上 捕 猎 者 的 生 活 以 及 目 前 面 临 的 困 境 。1What has made hunting with dogsleds difficult for the ice hunters?AThe ice is too thin.BTheir dogs are too fat.CThe weather is too cold.DThere are not
35、enough animals.解析：选 A 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Despite the bitter cold of late March, the ice had broken up . Now its only four inches thick.”可知，如今冰变薄了，所以他们在冰上捕猎很困难。2Whats the main idea of Paragraph 4?AMost ice hunters have improved their lives recently.BThe ice hunters have improved their hunting methods.CThe
36、 traditional ice hunters way of life is disappearing.DOnly the best ice hunters have been able to continue hunting.解析：选 C 段落大意题。第四段讲述了如今冰上捕猎者并不能单纯依靠捕猎生活，他们需要另谋生路，传统的捕猎生活方式正在消亡。3Why might the ice hunters find it difficult to do other work?AThere is no training available.BThe government is unhelpful.C
37、They prefer their own traditions.DThere are fewer other jobs available.解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“But the last ice hunters may not be able to get used to working as fishermen, in mines, or in power plants.”可9推知，冰上捕猎者可能无法适应别的工作，他们更喜欢传统的捕猎生活。4Whats the text mainly about?AHow to hunt sea animals in Greenlan
38、d.BHow modern hunting methods are beneficial.CHow the government is helping failed hunters.DHow warmer weather is affecting ice hunters.解析：选 D 文章大意题。本文讲述了因气候变暖，冰上捕猎者面临的一系列问题，故选 D 项。BFacebook says it is working on technology to allow us to control computers directly with our brains. It is developing
39、“silent speech” software to allow people to type at a rate of 100 words per minute.The project, in its early stages, will require new technology to detect brainwaves without needing invasive surgery. “We are not talking about decoding (译) your random thoughts， ” assured Facebooks Regina Dugan. “Were
40、 talking about decoding those words.”Ms Dugan is the companys head of Building 8, the firms hardware research lab. The company said it intends to build both the hardware and software to achieve its goal, and has enlisted a team of more than 60 scientists and academics to work on the project.On his F
41、acebook page, Mark Zuckerberg added: “Our brains produce enough data to stream four HD movies every second. The problem is that the best way we have to get information out into the world speech can only transmit about the same amount of data as a 1980s modem. Were working on silent speech software t
42、hat will let you type straight from your brain about five times faster than you can type on your phone today. Eventually, we want to turn it into a wearable technology that can be manufactured at scale.”“Technology is going to have to get a lot more advanced before we can share a pure thought or fee
43、ling, but this is a first step， ” Ms Dugan said. Other ideas detailed at the companys developers conference in San Jose included work to allow people to “hear” through skin. The system, comparable to Braille, uses pressure points on the skin to relay information. “One day, not so far away, it may be
44、 possible for me to think in Mandarin, and you to feel it instantly in Spanish， ” Ms Dugan said.10语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。Facebook 公司发表声明称，他们目前正在研发人脑信息读取技术，将实现用人脑控制电脑。5Whats a special feature of “silent speech” software?AIt can change computers.BIt can control human brains.CIt can record a persons random thou
45、ghts.DIt can enable humans to type from their brain.解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第四段中的“Were working on silent speech software that will let you type straight from your brain about five times faster than you can type on your phone today.”可知，脸书正在研发的软件叫作“无声话语” ，它可以让人直接通过大脑打字。6What can be learned from the last paragr
46、aph?AMandarin becomes the main language of computers.BComputers can be monitored by peoples skin now.CFacebook has a long way to go to achieve its goal.DIt is impossible to control computers with brains.解析：选 C 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Technology is going to have to get a lot more advanced before we can share
47、a pure thought or feeling, but this is a first step”可知，在能够分享纯粹的想法和感觉之前，技术还需要很大的进步和发展，这只是第一步。由此可推知，脸书在实现目标前还有很长的路要走。7What would be the best title for the text?AComputers bring profits for FacebookBSilent speech changes peoples lifestyleCA new study about human brains startsDFacebook shares braincontrol ambitions解析：选 D 标题归纳题。本文主要告诉我们 Facebook 公司发表声明称，他们正在研发人脑信息读取技术，目的在于实现用人脑控制电脑，故 D 项作标题最佳。11
