1、1说明文阅读高分技巧专项练习AMost damagingly, anger weakens a persons ability to think clearly and keep control over his behavior. The angry person loses objectivity in evaluating the emotional significance of the person or situation that arouses his anger.Not everyone experiences anger in the same way; what ange
2、rs one person may amuse another. The specific expression of anger also differs from person to person based on biological and cultural forces. In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated. We no longer regard duels(决斗) as an appr
3、opriate expression of anger resulting from one persons awareness of insulting behavior on the part of another.Anger can be identified in the brain, where the electrical activity changes. Under most conditions EEG (脑电图) measures of electrical activity show balanced activity between the right and left
4、 prefrontal (额叶前部) areas. Behaviorally this corresponds to the general even-handed disposition (意向) that most of us possess most of the time. But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas arent balanced and as a result of this, were likely to react. And our behavioral response
5、 to anger is different from our response to other emotions, whether positive or negative.Most positive emotions are associated with approach behavior: we move closer to people we like. Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associated with avoidance behavior: we move away from people and things th
6、at we dislike or that make us anxious. But anger is an exception to this pattern. The angrier we are，the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: the angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the
7、 person or situation causing his anger. This approach-and-confront behavior is accompanied by a leftward prefrontal asymmetry (不对称) of EEG activity. Interestingly, this asymmetry lessens if the angry person can experience empathy (同感) towards the individual who is bringing forth the angry response.
8、In defensive anger, in contrast, the EEG asymmetry is directed to the right and the angry person feels helpless in the face of the anger-inspiring situation.1. The “duels“ example in Paragraph 2 proves that the expression of anger_.A. usually has a biological basisB. varies among peopleC. is sociall
9、y and culturally shapedD. influences ones thinking and evaluation2. What changes can be found in an angry brain?A. Balanced electrical activity can be spotted.B. Unbalanced patterns are found in prefrontal areas.C. Electrical activity corresponds to ones behaviour.2D. Electrical activity agrees with
10、 ones disposition.3. Which of the following is typical of offensive anger?A. Approaching the source of anger.B. Trying to control what is disliked.C. Moving away from what is disliked.D. Feeling helpless in the face of anger.4. What is the key message of the last paragraph?A. How anger differs from
11、other emotions. B. How anger relates to other emotions.C. Behavioral responses to anger.D. Behavioral patterns of anger.BWorking with a group of baboons (狒狒) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food
12、 and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the
13、form of a model of a poisonous snake.She found that personality had a major impact on learning. The braver baboons learnt, but the shy ones did not learn the task although they watched the baboon perform the task of finding the novel food just as long as the brave ones did. In effect, despite being
14、made aware of what to do, they were still too shy to do what the experienced baboon did.The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.This mis
15、match between collecting social information and using it shows that personality plays a key role in social learning in animals, something that has previously been ignored in studies on how animals learn to do things. The findings are significant because they suggest that animals may perform poorly i
16、n cognitive (认知的) tasks not because they arent clever enough to solve them, but because they are too shy or nervous to use the social information. The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning. If some individuals are unable to get informatio
17、n from others because they dont associate with the knowledgeable individuals, or they are too shy to use the information once they have it, information may not travel between all group members, preventing the formation of a culture based on social learning. 5. What is the first paragraph mainly abou
18、t? A. The design of Dr. Carters research.B. The results of Dr. Carters research.3C. The purpose of Dr. Carters research.D. The significance of Dr. Carters research.6. According to the research, which baboons are more likely to complete a new learning task?A. Those that have more experience.B. Those
19、that can avoid potential risks.C. Those that like to work independently.D. Those that feel anxious about learning.7. Which best illustrates the “mismatch” mentioned in Paragraph 4?A. Some baboons are intelligent but slow in learning.B. Some baboons are shy but active in social activities.C. Some bab
20、oons observe others but dont follow them.D. Some baboons perform new tasks but dont concentrate.8. Dr. Carters findings indicate that our culture might be formed through _.A. storing information B. learning from each other C. understanding different people D. travelling between social groups 4说明文阅读高
21、分技巧专项练习参考答案A考点：考查科普知识类阅读。文章大意：本文介绍了一些与愤怒有关的表现以及医学原理和人们生气的时候表现出的行为模式。1. C 解析：推理题。根据文章第二段 In contemporary culture, physical expressions of anger are generally considered too socially harmful to be tolerated.在当代社会里，愤怒的肢体表现被认为是对社会有伤害而不能被容忍。但是在古代却有决斗这样的行为，说明愤怒的表现形式是由不同的社会和文化形成的。故 C正确。2. B 解析：细节题。根据第三段第 5
22、行 But when we are angry the EEG of the right and left prefrontal areas arent balanced可知当我们生气的时候，脑电图在额叶前部会出现不平衡的现象。故 B正确。3. A 解析：细节题。根据文章第四段第 47 行 The angrier we are, the more likely we are to move towards the object of our anger. This corresponds to what psychologists refer to as offensive anger: th
23、e angry person moves closer in order to influence and control the person or situation causing his anger. 可知当我们生气的时候，我们很可能靠近让我们生气的对象。这是典型的 offensive anger的表现。故 A正确。4. D 解析：段落大意题。根据第四段 1、2 行 Most positive emotions are associated with approach behavior及 Most negative emotions, in contrast, are associat
24、ed with avoidance behavior中的 approach behavior和 avoidance behavior可知本段讲述的是愤怒的时候，人们表现出的行为模式。故 D正确。B考点：考查科普知识类阅读。文章大意：本文通过叙述 Dr. Alecia Carter在狒狒身上进行的一项研究显示动物的性格在社会化的学习中起着很重要的作用。同样人类也与此相似，我们的文化的形成正是通过交换信息等社会学习活动来实现的。5. A 解析：段落大意题。根据第一段 15 行 Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge Uni
25、versity set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves.可知本段主要描述他进行的这项研究的设计方案，也就是他在这项研究里是如何做的。故 A正确。6. D 解析：细节题。根据第三段第 2句
26、 The anxious individuals learnt the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.可知那些很焦虑的急切想学习的狒狒学得更快、更好，而那些害羞的狒狒却没有能够做到。故 D正确。7. C 解析：推理题。根据第三段 The same held true for anxious baboons compared with calm ones. The anxious individuals learnt
27、the task by observing others while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time 5watching.可知一些狒狒虽然观察了很长时间，但是并没有采取行动。这一行为说明性格在动物的社会行为中起着很重要的作用。第四段里的划线词 mismatch就是指第三段最后一句while those who were relaxed did not, even though they spent more time watching.的内容。故 C正确。8. B 解析：推理题。根据文章最后一段第 1句 The findings may impact how we understand the formation of culture in societies through social learning可知人们是通过社会学习来理解我们文化的组成的。也就是说人们需要相互交换信息，相互学习。故 B正确。6
