1、 IEC/TR 61340-1 Edition 1.0 2012-06 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Electrostatics Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena Principles and measurements Electrostatique Partie 1: Phnomnes lectrostatiques Principes et mesures IEC/TR 61340-1:2012 THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED Copyright 2012 IEC, Ge
2、neva, Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IEC or IECs member National Committee in
3、 the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information. Droits de reproduction rservs. Sauf indication
4、contraire, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut tre reproduite ni utilise sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procd, lectronique ou mcanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans laccord crit de la CEI ou du Comit national de la CEI du pays du demandeur. Si vous avez des que
5、stions sur le copyright de la CEI ou si vous dsirez obtenir des droits supplmentaires sur cette publication, utilisez les coordonnes ci-aprs ou contactez le Comit national de la CEI de votre pays de rsidence. IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11 3, rue de Varemb Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 CH-1211 Ge
6、neva 20 infoiec.ch Switzerland www.iec.ch About the IEC The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. About IEC publications The technical content of
7、IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published. Useful links: IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub The advanced search enables you to find IEC publications by a variety of
8、criteria (reference number, text, technical committee,). It also gives information on projects, replaced and withdrawn publications. IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published details all new publications released. Available on-line
9、 and also once a month by email. Electropedia - www.electropedia.org The worlds leading online dictionary of electronic and electrical terms containing more than 30 000 terms and definitions in English and French, with equivalent terms in additional languages. Also known as the International Electro
10、technical Vocabulary (IEV) on-line. Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: csciec.ch. A propos de la CEI La Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (CEI) est la
11、premire organisation mondiale qui labore et publie des Normes internationales pour tout ce qui a trait llectricit, llectronique et aux technologies apparentes. A propos des publications CEI Le contenu technique des publications de la CEI est constamment revu. Veuillez vous assurer que vous possdez l
12、dition la plus rcente, un corrigendum ou amendement peut avoir t publi. Liens utiles: Recherche de publications CEI - www.iec.ch/searchpub La recherche avance vous permet de trouver des publications CEI en utilisant diffrents critres (numro de rfrence, texte, comit dtudes,). Elle donne aussi des inf
13、ormations sur les projets et les publications remplaces ou retires. Just Published CEI - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished Restez inform sur les nouvelles publications de la CEI. Just Published dtaille les nouvelles publications parues. Disponible en ligne et aussi une fois par mois par email. Electrope
14、dia - www.electropedia.org Le premier dictionnaire en ligne au monde de termes lectroniques et lectriques. Il contient plus de 30 000 termes et dfinitions en anglais et en franais, ainsi que les termes quivalents dans les langues additionnelles. Egalement appel Vocabulaire Electrotechnique Internati
15、onal (VEI) en ligne. Service Clients - webstore.iec.ch/csc Si vous dsirez nous donner des commentaires sur cette publication ou si vous avez des questions contactez-nous: csciec.ch. IEC/TR 61340-1 Edition 1.0 2012-06 TECHNICAL REPORT RAPPORT TECHNIQUE Electrostatics Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena P
16、rinciples and measurements Electrostatique Partie 1: Phnomnes lectrostatiques Principes et mesures INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION COMMISSION ELECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE X ICS 17.200.99; 29.020 PRICE CODE CODE PRIX ISBN 978-2-83220-195-4 Registered trademark of the International Electr
17、otechnical Commission Marque dpose de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor. Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agr. 2 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 CONTENTS FO
18、REWORD . 5 INTRODUCTION . 7 1 Scope . 8 2 Normative references . 8 3 Terms and definitions . 9 4 Fundamentals of static electricity 11 4.1 General . 11 4.2 Contact electrification 12 4.3 Charging by induction 13 4.4 Charge transfer by conduction . 14 4.5 Retention of charge . 14 4.6 Influence of env
19、ironmental humidity 16 4.6.1 General . 16 4.6.2 In situ measurements 16 4.7 Electrostatic discharges 16 4.7.1 General . 16 4.7.2 Spark discharges . 16 4.7.3 Corona discharges 17 4.7.4 Brush discharges . 17 4.7.5 Propagating brush discharges . 17 4.7.6 Cone discharges 18 4.8 Mechanical forces in an e
20、lectrostatic field . 18 5 Electrostatic problems and hazards 19 5.1 General . 19 5.2 Electronic components and systems 19 5.2.1 General . 19 5.2.2 Types of failure 19 5.2.3 Problems and threats at different life cycle periods 20 5.3 Electrostatic ignition Hazards . 21 5.3.1 General . 21 5.3.2 Spark
21、discharges from conducting objects . 21 5.3.3 Corona discharges from conducting objects . 21 5.3.4 Brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 21 5.3.5 Propagating brush discharges from insulating surfaces . 22 5.3.6 Discharges from people . 22 5.3.7 Ignition potential of electrostatic discharges 22
22、 5.4 Physiological sensation . 24 5.5 Simulation of electrostatic discharges 25 5.5.1 General . 25 5.5.2 Capacitive discharges for ignition energy measurements . 26 5.5.3 Human body model 26 5.5.4 Machine model 26 5.5.5 Charged device model . 26 6 General solutions to problems and hazards 27 TR 6134
23、0-1 IEC:2012 3 6.1 General . 27 6.2 Common approaches. 27 7 Useful applications of electrostatic effects 28 8 General aspects of measurements . 29 8.1 General . 29 8.2 Electric field 29 8.2.1 General . 29 8.2.2 Application 30 8.3 Potential 30 8.3.1 General . 30 8.3.2 Surface voltage . 30 8.3.3 Space
24、 potential . 31 8.4 Charge 31 8.5 Charge density 32 8.5.1 Surface charge density 32 8.5.2 Volume charge density 32 8.6 Charge decay 33 8.7 Resistance and resistivity 34 8.8 Chargeability . 34 8.9 Current 35 8.10 Energy in capacitive discharges 35 8.11 Ignition energy 36 8.11.1 General . 36 8.11.2 Eq
25、uivalent energy 36 8.12 Charge transferred in electrostatic discharges . 37 8.12.1 General . 37 8.12.2 Discharge electrode . 38 8.12.3 Measuring circuit . 39 8.12.4 Alternative charge transfer measuring arrangements . 39 8.13 Capacitance 39 8.14 Electric strength 40 Bibliography 41 Figure 1 Charging
26、 by induction 14 Figure 2 Charge transfer by conduction when objects 1 and 2 are conductors 14 Figure 3 Equivalent electrical circuit for an electrostatically charged conductor 15 Figure 4 Examples of brush discharge waveforms measured with a fast digital storage oscilloscope . 24 Figure 5 Circuit f
27、or simulation of electrostatic discharges . 25 Figure 6 Basic arrangements for measuring charge transferred in electrostatic discharges with alternative measuring circuits 38 Figure 7 Oscilloscope voltage/time traces 39 4 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 Table 1 Example of triboelectric series. 13 Table 2 Typica
28、l electrical capacitances 17 Table 3 Typical perception levels and physical responses of people to discharges based on a body capacitance of 200 pF 25 Table 4 Typical values used in ESD simulation models 27 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 5 INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION _ ELECTROSTATICS Part 1: Elec
29、trostatic phenomena Principles and measurements FOREWORD 1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international co-operation on
30、 all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Pu
31、blication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non- governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation
32、. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations. 2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international consensus o
33、f opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all interested IEC National Committees. 3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are mad
34、e to ensure that the technical content of IEC Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user. 4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications transpa
35、rently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter. 5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent cer
36、tification bodies provide conformity assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies. 6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication. 7) No liability s
37、hall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including l
38、egal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications. 8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is indispensable for the correct application of this p
39、ublication. 9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards
40、. However, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical report when it has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard, for example “state of the art“. IEC/TR 61340-1, which is a technical report, has been prepared by IEC
41、technical committee 101: Electrostatics. The text of this technical report is based on the following documents: Enquiry draft Report on voting 101/344/DTR 101/355/RVC Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical report can be found in the report on voting indicated in the above
42、table. 6 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. A list of all the parts in the IEC 61340 series, published under the general title Electrostatics, can be found on the IEC website. The committee has decided that the contents of this pu
43、blication will remain unchanged until the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under “http:/webstore.iec.ch“ in the data related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be reconfirmed, withdrawn, replaced by a revised edition, or amended. TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 7 INTRODU
44、CTION Static electricity has been known for around 2 500 years but until recently had little impact on humankind. More recently in the last century the nature of static electricity became better understood and the principles of charge separation and accumulation could be described. Despite this impr
45、oved understanding, it remains difficult to predict with certainty the polarity and magnitude of charges built up in any situation due to the many factors involved, and to, many electrostatics remains a “black art” rather than a science. The development of modern materials, especially polymers, and
46、their nearly ubiquitous application in fields such as floor materials, furnishings, clothing and engineering materials, has made static electricity an everyday phenomenon. In some industries, such as electronics manufacture and processes using flammable materials, unintended and invisible electrosta
47、tic discharges can lead to substantial component damage or unreliability, or fires or explosions. In everyday life, experience of electrostatic shocks to personnel has become commonplace. This has led to increasing need to understand such phenomena, and to specify materials, equipment and procedures
48、 for use in preventing and controlling electrostatic problems in the human environment. This technical report gives an overview of the field of electrostatics and has been prepared to give the user a view of the background, principles, methods of measurement and industrial applications prepared in c
49、onformity with IEC TC101 publications. 8 TR 61340-1 IEC:2012 ELECTROSTATICS Part 1: Electrostatic phenomena Principles and measurements 1 Scope This part of IEC 61340, which is a technical report, describes the fundamental principles of electrostatic phenomena including charge generation, retention and dissipation and electrostatic discharges. Methods for measuring electrostatic phenomena and related pro
