1、Copyright 1998 IEEE All Rights Reserved 1IEEE Std C57.109-1993 (R2008)(Revision of IEEE C57.109-1985)IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current DurationSponsorTransformers Committeeof theIEEE Power Engineering SocietyReaffirmed 27 March 2008Approved March 18, 1993IEEE Standards
2、 BoardApproved September 29, 1993American National Standards InstituteAbstract: Recommendations believed essential for the application of overcurrent protective devicesapplied to limit the exposure time of transformers to short circuit current are set forth. Transformercoordination curves are presen
3、ted for four categories of transformers. There is no intent to imply overloadcapability.Keywords: liquid-immersed transformer, transformerThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1993 by the Institute of Electrical and Ele
4、ctronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1993. Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 1-55937-323-7No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without theprior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Standardsdocument
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9、, do not wholly reect the present state of theart. Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have the latest edition of anyIEEE Standard.Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party,regardless of membership afliation with IEEE. Suggestions for changes in do
10、cu-ments should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together with appropriatesupporting comments.Interpretations: Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portionsof standards as they relate to specic applications. When the need for interpretationsis brought to the attentio
11、n of IEEE, the Institute will initiate action to prepare appro-priate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus of all concerned inter-ests, it is important to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrenceof a balance of interests. For this reason IEEE and the members
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13、s LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAIEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical and ElectronicsEngineers without regard to whether their adoption may involve patents on articles,materials, or processes. Such adoption does not assume any liability to any patentowner
14、, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the standardsdocuments.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std C57.109-1993, IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-CurrentDuration.)This is the rst revision of IEEE Std C57.109-1985. Sections 1 (S
15、cope), 2 (Purpose), and 3 (General) havebeen incorporated as subclauses into a new clause 1, Overview, in order to conform to the 1992 edition of theIEEE Standards Style Manual.A new clause on denitions has been added for clarication. The major revi-sion is the denition of short-circuit impedance of
16、 a transformer. This denition is intended to make the faultcalculations related to the use of these curves consistent with the short-circuit design requirements of Cate-gories III and IV transformers described in IEEE Std C57.12.00-1993. The clause on transformer coordina-tion curves has been modied
17、 with more explanation on the curves and the use of system and transformerimpedances.The other changes made in this revision are editorial and related to general updating of the guide. Some ofthese changes are intended to improve the ease and efciency of its use.The working group that developed this
18、 document consisted of the following members:Bipin K. Patel,ChairR. L. Barker R. H. Hartgrove C. R. MurrayB. L. Beaster E. Kallaur Davis E. ParrJ. J. Bergeron P. E. Krause Jeewan PuriW. B. Binder M. Y. Lau Syed M. Aslam RizviT. Bode J. W. McGill Dilip M. ShahD. A. Gillies H. J. WindischivThe followi
19、ng persons were on the balloting committee:E. J. Adolphson R. H. Hollister H. A. PearceD. J. Allan P. J. Hopkinson D. PercoB. F. Allen J. W. Howard D. A. PetersR. Allustiarti E. Howells L. W. PierceM. S. Altman J. Hunt D. W. PlattsJ. C. Arnold Y. P. Iijima J. M. PollittJ. Aubin A. J. Jonnatti C. P.
20、RaymondT. R. Balgie R. D. Jordan C. A. RobbinsR. Bancroft E. Kallaur R. B. RobertsonR. L. Barker C. P. Kappeler J. R. RossettiD. A. Barnard J. J. Kelly M. P. SampatD. L. Basel S. P. Kennedy L. J. SavioW. B. Binder W. N. Kennedy W. E. SaxonW. E. Boettger J. P. Kinney, Jr. R. W. ScheuJ. V. Bonucchi A.
21、 D. Kline D. N. SharmaJ. D. Borst E. Koenig V. ShenoyC. V. Brown J. G. Lackey H. J. SimM. Cambre J. P. Lazar L. R. SmithO. R. Compton R. E. Lee S. D. SmithJ. L. Corkran F. A. Lewis R. J. StaharaD. W. Crofts H. Light W. W. SteinV. Dahinden S. R. Lindgren L. R. StenslandJ. N. Davis L. Lowdermilk F. St
22、evensT. Diamantis D. L. Lowe R. StonerD. H. Douglas R. I. Lowe J. C. SullivanR. F. Dudley H. B. Margolis L. A. SwensonJ. A. Ebert T. Massouda D. S. TakachK. Edwards J. W. Matthews L. A. TauberF. E. Elliott J. W. McGill J. B. TempletonD. J. Fallon C. J. McMillen A. M. TeplitzkyH. G. Fischer W. J. McN
23、utt V. ThenappanJ. A. Fleeman C. Kent Miller R. C. ThomasM. Frydman C. Millian J. A. ThompsonR. E. Gearhart M. C. Mingoia J. C. ThompsonD. W. Gerlach R. E. Minkwitz, Sr. T. P. TraubA. A. Ghafourian M. I. Mitelman D. E. TruaxD. A. Gillies H. R. Moore W. B. UhlR. S. Girgis R. J. Musil G. H. Vaillancou
24、rtR. L. Grubb W. H. Mutschler R. A. VeitchF. J. Gryszkiewicz E. T. Norton L. B. WagenaarG. Hall P. E. Orehek B. H. WardK. Hanus S. H. Osborn R. J. WheartyJ. H. Harlow G. A. Paiva D. W. WhitleyF. W. Heinrichs B. K. Patel A. L. WilksW. R. Henning W. F. Patterson C. W. Williams, Jr. K. R. Highton J. M.
25、 Patton J. G. WoodP. J. Hoeer P. A. Payne W. E. WrennvThe IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on March 18, 1993, with the following membership:Wallace S. Read,ChairDonald C. Loughry,Vice ChairAndrew G. Salem,SecretaryGilles A. Baril Jim Isaak Don T. Michael*Jos A. Berrios de la Paz Ben C. Jo
26、hnson Marco W. MigliaroClyde R. Camp Walter J. Karplus L. John RankineDonald C. Fleckenstein Lorraine C. Kevra Arthur K. ReillyJay Forster* E. G. Al Kiener Ronald H. ReimerDavid F. Franklin Ivor N. Knight Gary S. RobinsonRamiro Garcia Joseph L. Koepnger* Leonard L. TrippDonald N. Heirman D. N. Jim L
27、ogothetis Donald W. Zipse*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:Satish K. AggarwalJames BeallRichard B. EngelmanDavid E. SoffrinStanley I. WarshawChristopher J. BoothIEEE Standards Project EditorviContentsCLAUSE PAGE1. Overview 11.1 Scope 11.2 Purpose
28、. 11.3 General. 12. References 13. Definitions 24. Transformer coordination 24.1 Category I transformers . 44.2 Category II transformers 54.3 Categories III and IV transformers 74.4 Recommended duration limits . 91IEEE Guide for Liquid-Immersed Transformer Through-Fault-Current Duration1. Overview1.
29、1 ScopeThis guide applies to transformers referenced in IEEE Std C57.12.00-19931as Categories I, II, III, and IV.1.2 PurposeProtective devices such as relays and fuses have well-dened operating characteristics that relate fault mag-nitude to operating time. These characteristic curves should be coor
30、dinated with a comparable curve(s)applicable to transformers that relate duration and fault magnitude to withstand capability.This guide sets forth recommendations believed essential for the application of overcurrent protectivedevices applied to limit the exposure time of transformers to short-circ
31、uit currents see IEEE Std C37.91-1985 (Reaff 1991). This guide is not intended to imply overload capability.1.3 GeneralThe magnitude and duration of fault currents are of utmost importance in establishing a coordinated protec-tion practice for transformers, as both the mechanical and thermal effects
32、 of fault currents should be consid-ered. For fault-current magnitudes near the design capability of the transformer, mechanical effects are moresignicant than thermal effects. At low fault-current magnitudes approaching the overload range, mechani-cal effects assume less importance, unless the freq
33、uency of fault occurrence is high. The point of transitionbetween mechanical concern and thermal concern cannot be precisely dened, but mechanical effects tendto have a more prominent role in larger kilovoltampere ratings, because the mechanical stresses are higher.2. ReferencesWhen the following do
34、cuments referred to in this guide are superseded by an approved revision, the latestrevision shall apply:ANSI C57.12.20-1988, American National Standard for TransformersOverhead-Type Distribution Trans-formers, 500 kVA and Smaller: High Voltage, 34 500 Volts and Below; Low Voltage, 7970/13 800Y andB
35、elow.2IEEE Std C37.91-1985 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Guide for Protective Relay Applications to Power Transformers(ANSI).31Information on references can be found in clause 2.2ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor,Ne
36、w York, NY 10036-8002, USA.3IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Service Center, 445 Hoes Lane,P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331, USA.IEEEStd C57.109-1993 IEEE GUIDE FOR LIQUID-IMMERSED2IEEE Std C57.12.00-1993, IEEE Standard General Requi
37、rements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,and Regulating Transformers (ANSI).IEEE Std C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992), IEEE Standard Terminology for Power and DistributionTransformers (ANSI).IEEE Std C57.91-1981 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Overhead and Pad-Mounted Dis
38、tribution Transformers Rated 500 kVA and Less with 65 C or 55 C Average WindingRise (ANSI).IEEE Std C57.92-1981 (Reaff 1991), IEEE Guide for Loading Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power TransformersUp To and Including 100 MVA with 55 C or 65 C Winding Rise (ANSI).IEEE Std C57.115-1991, IEEE Guide for Loading
39、Mineral-Oil-Immersed Power Transformers Rated inExcess of 100 MVA (65 C Winding Rise) (ANSI).3. DenitionsThe following denitions reect usage as understood within the context of this document. The terminologyused in these denitions is in accordance with IEEE Std C57.12.80-1978 (Reaff 1992). 3.1 norma
40、l base current:4Rated current of a transformer corresponding to its rated voltage and ratedbase kilovoltamperes.3.2 transformer short-circuit impedance:(1) For Category I and Category II transformers, the transformerimpedance, expressed in percent on the transformers rated voltage and rated base kil
41、ovoltamperes. (2) ForCategory III and Category IV transformers, the sum of transformer impedance and system short-circuitimpedance at the transformer location, expressed in percent on the transformers rated voltage and ratedbase kilovoltamperes.4. Transformer coordination For purposes of coordinatin
42、g overcurrent protective devices with transformer short-circuit withstand capa-bility, gures 1 through 4 are presented for Categories IIV transformers as dened in IEEE Std C57.12.00-1993 and adopted in table 1.For Categories I and IV transformers, a single curve represents both thermal and mechanica
43、l damageconsiderations.For Categories II and III transformers, two curves are required. Depending upon the number of fault occur-rences in the transformers lifetime and fault current levels, mechanical damage considerations may be neg-ligible. On the curves that have both a solid and a dashed portio
44、n, the solid portion represents the total faultduration beyond which thermal damage to the transformer may occur. The dashed portion represents thetotal fault duration beyond which cumulative mechanical damage may occur. The increasing signicance ofmechanical effects for higher-rated transformers is
45、 reected in these curves. Transformers subjected to fre-quently occurring faults should be represented with the combination of mechanical and thermal portions ofthe curve, while transformers subjected to infrequently occurring faults are represented with the thermal por-tion only. The validity of th
46、ese damage limit curves can not be demonstrated by tests, since the effects are4For multiple-rated transformers, the base kilovoltamperes is the minimum nameplate rating.IEEETRANSFORMER THROUGH-FAULT-CURRENT DURATION Std C57.109-19933cumulative over the transformers lifetime. They are based principa
47、lly on informed engineering judgmentand favorable, historical eld experience.ANSI C57.92-1962, American National Standard Guide for Loading Oil-Immersed Distribution and PowerTransformers, contained a section entitled Protective Devices, which provided information indicating theshort-time thermal lo
48、ad capability of oil-immersed transformers as summarized in table 2.During the revision of C57.92 it became evident that the Times Rated Currentcapability of transformers asstated therein were thermal limits and did not recognize the mechanical withstand considerations of trans-formers. Consequently
49、, the Protective Devicesportion of the loading guide was removed. Later, this thermalcapability became part of this guide in an attempt to document the through-fault-current duration capabilityof transformers in sufcient detail to facilitate coordination of overcurrent protective devices with powertransformers.Table 1Transformer categoriesCategory Single phase (kVA) Three phase (kVA)I* 5 to 500 15 to 500II 501 to 1667 501 to 5000III 1668 to 10 000 5001 to 30 000IV Above 10 000 Above 30 000*Category I shall include distribution transformers m
