1、Designation: D2699 18aDesignation: 237/87Standard Test Method forResearch Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2699; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This laboratory test meth
3、od covers the quantitativedetermination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignitionengine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels thatcontain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test methodmay not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that areprimarily oxygenates.2The sample fuel i
4、s tested using astandardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable com-pression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance witha defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is definedby the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuelknock intensity is compared to that o
5、f one or more PRF blends.The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the samplefuel establishes the Research O.N.1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octanenumber but this test method has a working range from 40 to120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced forspark-ignit
6、ion engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N.range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process streammaterials can produce ratings at various levels throughout theResearch O.N. range.1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI unitsand are considered standard. The values in pare
7、ntheses are thehistorical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR enginemeasurements continue to be in inch-pound units only becauseof the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created forthis equipment.1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with allspecified limits in this standard, an
8、observed value or acalculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in thelast right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, inaccordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its us
9、e. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1,16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6
10、) and (9), A2.3.5,X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides
11、and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1193 Specification for Reagent WaterD2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptaneand Isooctane by Capillary Gas ChromatographyD2700 Test Method
12、 for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine FuelD2885 Test Method for Determination of Octane Number ofSpark-Ignition Engine Fuels by On-Line Direct Compari-son TechniqueD3703 Test Method for Hydroperoxide Number of AviationTurbine Fuels, Gasoline and Diesel FuelsD4057 Practice for Manual Samp
13、ling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum Products1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubric
14、ants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published January 2019. Originallyapproved in 1968. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D2699 18. DOI:10.1520/D2699-18A.2Motor O.N., determined using Test Method D27
15、00, is a companion method toprovide a similar but typically lower octane rating under more severe operatingconditions.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer t
16、o the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with inte
17、rnationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Igniti
18、on EngineFuelD5842 Practice for Sampling and Handling of Fuels forVolatility MeasurementD6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assuranceand Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate AnalyticalMeasurement System PerformanceD6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-leum Products, Lu
19、bricating Oils, and Additives by Cou-lometric Karl Fischer TitrationD7504 Test Method for Trace Impurities in MonocyclicAromatic Hydrocarbons by Gas Chromatography andEffective Carbon NumberE29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data toDetermine Conformance with SpecificationsE344 Termino
20、logy Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-etryE456 Terminology Relating to Quality and StatisticsE542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory VolumetricApparatusE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 ANSI Standard:4C-39.1 Requirements for Electrical Ana
21、log Indicating In-struments2.3 Energy Institute Standard:5IP 224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of LightPetroleum Distillates by Dithizone Extraction and Colo-rimetric Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 accepted reference value, na value that serves as anagreed-upon reference for compar
22、ison, and which is derivedas: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientificprinciples, (2) an assigned or certified value, based on experi-mental work of some national or international organization, or(3) a consensus or certified value, based on collaborativeexperimental work under the
23、 auspices of a scientific orengineering group. E4563.1.1.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method,accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Researchoctane number of specific reference materials determinedempirically under reproducibility conditions by the NationalExchange Group or
24、 another recognized exchange testing orga-nization.3.1.2 Check Fuel, nfor quality control testing, a spark-ignition engine fuels of selected characteristics having anoctane number accepted reference value (O.N.ARV) determinedby round-robin testing under reproducibility conditions.3.1.3 cylinder heig
25、ht, nfor the CFR engine, the relativevertical position of the engine cylinder with respect to thepiston at top dead center (tdc) or the top machined surface ofthe crankcase.3.1.3.1 dial indicator reading, nfor the CFR engine,anumerical indication of cylinder height, in thousandths of aninch, indexed
26、 to a basic setting at a prescribed compressionpressure when the engine is motored.3.1.3.2 digital counter reading, nfor the CFR engine,anumerical indication of cylinder height, indexed to a basicsetting at a prescribed compression pressure when the engine ismotored.3.1.4 detonation meter, analog, n
27、for knock testing, thesignal conditioning instrumentation that accepts the electricalsignal from the detonation pickup and provides an analogoutput signal to the analog knockmeter.3.1.4.1 DiscussionIn the context of this test method, threecontemporary generations of apparatus have been developed asd
28、etonation meters. These are (year of introduction in parenthe-sis): the 501T Detonation Meter (1969), the 501C DetonationMeter (1979), and the SSD7000 Detonation Meter (2017).63.1.5 detonation meter, digital, nfor knock testing, thedigital signal conditioning instrumentation that accepts theelectric
29、al signal from the detonation pickup and provides adigital output for display.3.1.6 detonation pickup, nfor knock testing,amagnetostrictive-type transducer that threads into the enginecylinder and is exposed to combustion chamber pressure toprovide an electrical signal that is proportional to the ra
30、te-of-change of cylinder pressure.3.1.7 dynamic fuel level, nfor knock testing, test proce-dure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensityfor sample and reference fuels is determined using the fallinglevel technique that changes carburetor fuel level from a highor rich mixture condition
31、 to a low or lean mixture condition, ata constant rate, causing knock intensity to rise to a maximumand then decrease, thus permitting observation of the maxi-mum knockmeter reading.3.1.8 equilibrium fuel level, nfor knock testing, test pro-cedure in which the fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intens
32、ityfor sample and reference fuels is determined by makingincremental step changes in fuel-air ratio, observing the equi-librium knock intensity for each step, and selecting the levelthat produces the highest knock intensity reading.3.1.9 firing, nfor the CFR engine, operation of the CFRengine with f
33、uel and ignition.3.1.10 fuel-air ratio for maximum knock intensity, nforknock testing, that proportion of fuel to air that produces thehighest knock intensity for each fuel in the knock testing unit,provided this occurs within specified carburetor fuel levellimits.3.1.11 guide tables, n for knock te
34、sting, the specificrelationship between cylinder height (compression ratio) andoctane number at standard knock intensity for specific primaryreference fuel blends tested at standard or other specifiedbarometric pressure.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th
35、 Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.5Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, W1G 7AR,U.K., http:/www.energyinst.org.6Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1870. ContactASTM Customer
36、Service at serviceastm.org.D2699 18a23.1.12 knock, nin a spark-ignition engine, abnormalcombustion, often producing audible sound, caused by autoi-gnition of the air/fuel mixture. D41753.1.13 knock intensity, nfor knock testing, a measure ofthe level of knock.3.1.14 knockmeter, analog, nfor knock te
37、sting,the0to100 division analog indicating meter that displays the knockintensity signal from the analog detonation meter.3.1.15 knockmeter, digital, nfor knock testing,the0to999division digital indicating meter that displays the knock inten-sity from the digital detonation meter.3.1.16 motoring, nf
38、or the CFR engine, operation of theCFR engine without fuel and with the ignition shut off.3.1.17 octane number, nfor spark-ignition engine fuel,any one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knockobtained by comparison with reference fuels in standardizedengine or vehicle tests. D41753.1.1
39、7.1 research octane number, nfor spark-ignition en-gine fuel, the numerical rating of knock resistance obtained bycomparison of its knock intensity with that of primary refer-ence fuel blends when both are tested in a standardized CFRengine operating under the conditions specified in this testmethod
40、.3.1.18 oxygenate, nan oxygen-containing organiccompound, which may be used as a fuel or fuel supplement, forexample, various alcohols and ethers. D41753.1.19 primary reference fuels, nfor knock testing,isooctane, n-heptane, volumetrically proportioned mixtures ofisooctane with n-heptane, or blends
41、of tetraethyllead in isooc-tane that define the octane number scale.3.1.19.1 primary reference fuel blends below 100 octane,nthe volume % of isooctane in a blend with n-heptane thatdefines the octane number of the blend, isooctane beingassigned as 100 and n-heptane as 0 octane number.3.1.19.2 primar
42、y reference fuel blends above 100 octane,nthe millilitres per U.S. gallon of tetraethyllead in isooctanethat define octane numbers above 100 in accordance with anempirically determined relationship.3.1.20 quality control (QC) sample, nfor use in qualityassurance programs to determine and monitor the
43、 precision andstability of a measurement system, a stable and homogeneousmaterial having physical or chemical properties, or both,similar to those of typical samples tested by the analyticalmeasurement system. The material is properly stored to ensuresample integrity, and is available in sufficient
44、quantity forrepeated, long term testing. D62993.1.21 repeatability conditions, nconditions where inde-pendent test results are obtained with the same method onidentical test items in the same laboratory by the same operatorusing the same equipment within short intervals of time. E4563.1.21.1 Discuss
45、ionIn the context of this test method, ashort time interval between two ratings on a sample fuel isunderstood to be not less than the time to obtain at least onerating on another sample fuel between them but not so long asto permit any significant change in the sample fuel, testequipment, or environ
46、ment.3.1.22 reproducibility conditions, nconditions where testresults are obtained with the same method on identical testitems in different laboratories with different operators usingdifferent equipment. E4563.1.23 spread, nin knock measurement, the sensitivity ofthe analog detonation meter expresse
47、d in knockmeter divisionsper octane number. (This feature is not a necessary adjustmentin the digital detonation meter.)3.1.24 standard knock intensity, analog, nfor knocktesting, that level of knock established when a primary refer-ence fuel blend of specific octane number is used in the knocktesti
48、ng unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with thecylinder height (dial indicator or digital counter reading) set tothe prescribed guide table value. The analog detonation meteris adjusted to produce an analog knockmeter reading of 50 forthese conditions.3.1.25 standard knock intensity, dig
49、ital, nfor knocktesting, that level of knock established when a primary refer-ence fuel blend of specific octane number is used in the knocktesting unit at maximum knock intensity fuel-air ratio, with thecylinder height (dial indicator or digital counter reading) set tothe prescribed guide table value. The digital detonation meterwill typically display a peak to peak voltage of approximately0.15 V for these conditions.3.1.26 toluene standardization fuels, nfor knock testing,those volumetrically proportioned blends of two or more of thefollowing:
