1、Designation: D4486 18Standard Test Method forKinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematicviscosity of transparent, Newtonian liquids which because oftheir reactivity, i
3、nstability, or volatility cannot be used inconventional capillary kinematic viscometers. This test methodis applicable up to 2 105N/m2(2 atm) pressure and tem-perature range from 53 C to +135 C (65 F to +275 F).1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity ofother liquids, see Test Method D44
4、5. The difference betweenthe two methods is in the viscometers. The viscometersspecified in used Specification D446 are open to theatmosphere, while the viscometers in this method are sealed.When volatile liquids are measured in sealed viscometers, thedensity of the vapor may not be negligible compa
5、red with thedensity of the liquid and the working equation of the viscom-eter has to account for that. See Section 11 for details.1.2 WARNINGMercury has been designated by manyregulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can causeserious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been dem-onstr
6、ated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containingproducts. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS)for additional information. The potential exists that sellingmercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibitedby
7、local or national law. Users must determine legality of salesin their location.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental pr
8、actices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and AnnexA1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on P
9、rinciples for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparentand Opaque Liquids (and Calculation
10、 of Dynamic Viscos-ity)D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for GlassCapillary Kinematic ViscometersD2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometersand Viscosity Oil StandardsE1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass ThermometersSI 10 IEEE/ASTM Standard for Use of the Internation
11、alSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 densitythe mass per unit volume of a substance at agiven temperature and pressure.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe cgs unit of density () has thedimensions of grams per cubic centimetre. The S
12、I unit ofdensity has the dimensions of kilograms per cubic metre.3.1.2 dynamic viscosity, ,nthe ratio between the appliedshear stress and rate of shear of a material.3.1.2.1 DiscussionIt is sometimes called the coefficientof dynamic viscosity or absolute viscosity. Dynamic viscosityis a measure of r
13、esistance to flow or deformation whichconstitutes a materials ability to transfer momentum in re-sponse to steady or time-dependent external shear forces.Dynamic viscosity has the dimension of mass divided bylength and time and its SI unit is pascal times second (Pas).Among the transport properties
14、for heat, mass, and momentumtransfer, dynamic viscosity is the momentum conductivity.3.1.3 kinematic viscosity, ,nthe ratio of the dynamicviscosity () to the density () of a material at the sametemperature and pressure.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on PetroleumProducts
15、, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-mittee D02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids(Formally D02.1100).Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018. Published February 2019. Originallyapproved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 20
16、10 as D4486 10. DOI:10.1520/D4486-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes se
17、ction appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision
18、on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.3.1 DiscussionKinematic viscosity is the ratio be-tween momentum transport and momentum storage. Suchratios are called diffu
19、sivities with dimensions of length squareddivided by time and the SI unit is metre squared divided bysecond (m2/s). Among the transport properties for heat, mass,and momentum transfer, kinematic viscosity is the momentumdiffusivity.3.1.3.2 DiscussionFormerly, kinematic viscosity was de-fined specifi
20、cally for viscometers covered by this test methodas the resistance to flow under gravity. More generally, it is theratio between momentum transport and momentum storage.3.1.3.3 DiscussionFor gravity-driven flow under agiven hydrostatic head, the pressure head of a liquid isproportional to its densit
21、y, , if the density of the gas or vaporis negligible compared to that of the liquid. For any particularviscometer covered by this test method, the time of flow of afixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to its kinematicviscosity, , where = , and is the dynamic viscosity.3.1.3.4 DiscussionIf
22、 the density of the gas or vapor is notnegligible compared to that of the liquid, it has to be taken intoaccount in the calculation of the viscosity. Details are given inSection 11.3.1.4 vulnerable liquida liquid which by reason of itsvolatility, instability or reactivity in the presence of air or a
23、nyother specific gaseous medium may undergo physical orchemical changes that may affect its viscosity.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 The time is measured, in seconds, for a fixed volume ofliquid to flow under gravity through the capillary of theviscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a clo
24、selycontrolled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is calculatedfrom the measured flow time and the calibration constant of theviscometer.5. Significance and Use5.1 Kinematic viscosity is a physical property which is ofimportance in the design of systems in which flowing liquidsare used or handled.
25、6. Apparatus6.1 ViscometerA viscometer suitable for vulnerable fluidssimilar to that shown in Fig. 1.6.2 Viscometer ThermostatAny transparent liquid or va-por bath of sufficient depth such that at no time during themeasurement will any portion of the sample in the viscometerbe less than 20 mm below
26、the surface of the bath liquid or lessthan 20 mm above the bottom of the bath may be used. Thetemperature control must be such that for the range from 15 Cto 100 C (60 F to 212 F) the temperature of the bath mediumdoes not vary by more than 0.02 F (0.01 C) over the length ofthe viscometers, or betwe
27、en the position of each viscometer, orat the location of the thermometer. For temperatures outsidethis range, the variation must not exceed 0.05 F (0.03 C).6.3 Temperature Measuring DeviceAresistance thermom-eter (RTD) capable of measurement to 6 0.01 C (0.02 F) isthe preferred device for temperatur
28、e measurement. The use ofsuitable liquid-in-glass Kinematic Viscosity Test Thermom-eters covering the range of test temperatures indicated in Table1 as listed in Specification E1, is permitted provided they havebeen standardized before use (see 8.2). The use of an RTD ispreferred because the thermom
29、eters listed in Specification E1contain mercury. See Test Method D445 for additional infor-mation on the use and selection of temperature measuringdevices.6.4 Timing DeviceAny timing device may be used pro-vided that the readings can be taken with a discrimination of0.2 s or smaller, and that it has
30、 an uncertainty within 60.07 %when tested over intervals of 15 min.6.4.1 Electrical timing devices may be used if the currentfrequency is controlled to an uncertainty of 0.05 % or less.Alternating currents, as provided by some public powersystems, are intermittently rather than continuously controll
31、ed.When used to actuate electrical timing devices, such controlcan cause large errors in viscosity flow measurements.7. Reagents and Materials7.1 Viscosity Oil Standards, conforming to ASTM viscosityoil standards having the approximate kinematic viscosityshown in Table 1. Certified kinematic viscosi
32、ty values arecompared by annual cooperative tests by a number of labora-tories and are supplied with each portion.Variants of sealed gravitational capillary viscometers have been used some ofthem sustaining pressures up to 3 MPa. A survey is given in the book section“Sealed Gravitational Capillary V
33、iscometers for Volatile Liquids” by A. Laesecke in“Experimental Thermodynamics Volume IX : Advances in Transport Properties ofFluids” edited by M. J. Assael, A. R. H. Goodwin, V. Vesovic, do not submergethe expansion bulb at the top of the thermometer. It is essentialthat the ice point of the standa
34、rdized thermometers be deter-mined periodically and the official corrections be adjusted toreflect the change in the ice point.8.3 TimersStandard time signals available in some nationsmay be used in checking the uncertainty of timing devices. Inthe United States of America, time signals, as broadcas
35、t by theNational Institute of Standards and Technology, Station WWV,Fort Collins, CO and Station WWVH Kauai, HI at 2.5 MHz,5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz are a convenient andprimary standard reference for calibrating timing devices; thesignals are broadcast 24 h daily. Station CHU from Ottawa,Can
36、ada, at 3.330 MHz, 7.335 MHz, and 14.670 MHz orStation MSF at Rugby, United Kingdom, at 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz,and 10 MHz may be received better in some locations.8.4 Viscosity standards may also be used to check theover-all kinematic viscosity procedure in a laboratory. If themeasured kinematic viscosity d
37、oes not agree within 60.35 %of the certified value, each step in the procedure should berechecked, including thermometer and viscometer calibrationto locate source of error.9. Cleaning of Viscometer9.1 Between successive determinations, clean the viscom-eter thoroughly by several rinsings with an ap
38、propriate solventcompletely miscible with the sample, followed by a completelyvolatile solvent. Dry the viscometer with vacuum attached toTube A or by placing viscometer in a vacuum oven.9.2 Periodically clean the instrument with chromic acid(WarningSee 7.2 and A1.2.) to remove organic deposits,rins
39、e thoroughly with distilled water and acetone (WarningSee 7.3 and A1.3.), and dry with clean dry air. Inorganicdeposits may be removed by hydrochloric acid (WarningSee 7.4 and A1.4.) treatment before use of cleaning acid,particularly if barium salts are suspected.NOTE 1Do not allow chromic acid or h
40、ydrochloric acid to stand incontact with the Kovar fitting on the viscometer. Use a glass pipet tointroduce these acids into the viscometer in such a manner that contactwith the metal fittings is kept to an absolute minimum.NOTE 2Viscometers used for silicone fluids, fluorocarbons, and otherliquids
41、which are difficult to remove by the use of a cleaning agent, shouldbe reserved for the exclusive use of those fluids except when standardiz-ing. Such viscometers should be subjected to standardization checks atfrequent intervals.10. Procedure for Kinematic Viscosity10.1 Maintain the bath at the tes
42、t temperature within thelimits given in 6.2. Apply the necessary corrections, if any, toall thermometer readings.10.2 Select a clean, dry, calibrated viscometer that will givea flow time not less than the minimum specified for theviscometer (see Table 2), or 200 s, whichever is the greater.10.3 Char
43、ge the viscometer through Tube A (see Fig. 1)until Bulb B is half filled.3Other suitable chromium free, sulfuric acid-based cleaning solutions areavailable.TABLE 1 Approximate Values of the ASTM Viscosity StandardsViscosityStandardConformingto ASTMStandardsAApproximate Kinematic Viscosity, cSt=1 mm2
44、s1=106m2s1At53.89 C(65 F)At40C(40 F)At 20 C(68 F)At 25 C(77 F)AtB37.78 C(100 F)At 40 C(104 F)At 50 C(122 F)AtB98.89 C(210 F)At 100 C(212 F)S-3 300 80 4.6 4.0 3.0 2.9 . 1.2 1.2S-6 . . 11 8.9 6.0 5.7 . 1.8 1.8S-20 . . 44 34 20 18 . 4.0 3.9S-60 . . 170 120 60 54 . 7.4 7.2S-200 . . 640 450 200 180 . 17
45、17S-600 . . 2400 1600 600 520 280 33 32S-2000 . . 8700 5600 2000 1700 . 78 75S-8000 . . 37 000 23 000 8000 6700 . . .S-30000 . . . 81 000 27 000 23 000 11 000 . .AThe actual values for the standards listed above are established and annually reaffirmed by cooperative tests. In 1971, tests were made u
46、sing 15 different types ofviscometers in 26 laboratories located in 9 countries.BStandardizations at 37.78 C and 98.89 C are to be discontinued Jan 1, 1977.D4486 18310.4 Test samples that are not stable in the presence of air atthe test temperature must have the air in the viscometer purgedby a work
47、ing gas that does not react with the test sample.10.4.1 For the vulnerable liquid viscometer (Fig. 1), attachTube A to a controlled source of a working gas. Tilt the chargedviscometer until the liquid sample no longer covers the end ofTube C. Pressure purge the viscometer with working gas.Release th
48、e pressure and repeat the purge at least four times.10.4.2 Multiple purges are not required in the case ofvulnerable samples that are volatile but stable in the presenceof air at the test temperature.10.5 Adjustment of Pressure:10.5.1 In the vulnerable-liquid viscometer, adjust the pres-sure in the
49、viscometer to the predetermined test pressure.Thispressure may be equal to the ambient in the case of reactivesamples or it may be an elevated pressure sufficient to repressthe boiling of a volatile sample. In any case the pressure insidethe viscometer must not be permitted to exceed 2 105kPa (2atm).10.6 Mount the viscometer in the viscometer holder, andplace assembly in the constant-temperature bath. Ensure thatthe Working Capillary D is held vertical. Allow the chargedviscometer to remain in
