1、Designation: D5500 16D5500 18Standard Test Method forVehicle Evaluation of Unleaded Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure for evaluation of intake
3、 valve deposit formation of unleaded spark-ignitionengine fuels. This test method uses a 1985 model BMW 318i2 vehicle. Mileage is accumulated following a specified drivingschedule on either public road or test track. This test method is adapted from the original BMW of North America/SouthwestResearc
4、h Institute Intake Valve Deposit test and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. Chassisdynamometers shall not be used for this test procedure as the BMW NA/SwRI IVD Test was not intended to be applicable tochassis dynamometers and no correlation between road operation and
5、 chassis dynamometers has been established.NOTE 1If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method D5500, contact ASTM International.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided forinformation only and are n
6、ot considered standard.1.2.1 ExceptionThe values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and
7、 healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific statements on hazards are given throughout this test method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablis
8、hed in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydroc
9、arbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and LubricantsD4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel2.2 ANSI Standard:MC 96.1 American National Standard for Temperature Measurement Thermocouples43. Terminology3.1 For general terminolo
10、gy, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 base fuel, nin automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, a material composed primarily of hydrocarbons that may alsocontain oxygenates, anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and dyes but does not contain deposit control or leadadd
11、itives.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeD02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2018. Published February 2016D
12、ecember 2018. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20142016as D5500 98D5500 16.(2014). DOI: 10.1520/D5500-16.10.1520/D5500-18.2 Originally obtained from BMW NA new car dealerships in the United States as a 1985 model year vehicle, the vehicle is currently available through
13、the used vehiclemarket.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from American National Sta
14、ndards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possibl
15、e to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyri
16、ght ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1.1 DiscussionA jurisdiction may set limits on lead content from all sources.3.2.2 driveability, nin vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines, the quality of a vehicles performan
17、cecharacteristics under a range of conditions as perceived by the operator. D48143.2.2.1 DiscussionThe performance characteristics may include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, idling, and hot starting.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 alternate mileage accumulation (AM
18、A) driving cycle, na driving schedule that is based on the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency Durability Driving Schedule, which contains various driving patterns for durability testing of emission controlsystems.53.1.2 base fuel, nunleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuel that does not contai
19、n a deposit control additive, but maycontain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and oxygenates.3.3.2 deposit control additive, nmaterial added to the base fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intakesystem.3.3.2.1 DiscussionFor the purpose of this test method,
20、the performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited to the tulip area of intakevalves.3.1.4 driveability, nthe quality of a vehicles performance characteristics as perceived by the operator in response to changesin throttle position.3.1.4.1 DiscussionThe performance characteristics m
21、ay include cold starting and warm-up, acceleration, vapor lock, and hot starting.3.3.3 intake system, ncomponents of the engine whose function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to thecombustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold hot spot and runners, exhaust gas recirc
22、ulation (EGR) and positivecrankcase ventilation (PCV) ports, cylinder head runners and ports, intake valves, and fuel injectors.3.3.4 intake valve deposit, nmaterial accumulated on the tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon, otherfuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition prod
23、ucts, and atmospheric contaminants.3.3.5 merit rating, nthe visual evaluation by a trained rater of the volume of deposits accumulated on a specific enginecomponent based on a comparison with a reference scale (see CRC Manual 166).3.3.6 test fuel, nbase fuel with or without the addition of a deposit
24、 control additive which is used to accumulate mileage asdescribed in this test method.3.3.7 vehicle exhaust emissions (tailpipe), ncombustion products from the test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons (HC),carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), oxygen (O2), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx).4. Summ
25、ary of Test Method4.1 This test method utilizes a 1985 BMW 318i vehicle equipped with a four-speed automatic transmission and air conditioning.This vehicle is equipped with a four-stroke cycle, four-cylinder engine having a total displacement of 1.8 L. The cylinder head isan aluminum alloy casting a
26、nd the cylinder block is cast iron.The engine features an overhead camshaft, hemispherical combustionchambers, two valves per cylinder, and electronic port fuel injection.4.2 Each test begins with a clean, rebuilt cylinder head that meets a rigid set of specifications. New, weighed intake valves are
27、used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil is used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. All routine vehiclemaintenance is performed in accordance with BMW Schedule I and Schedule II service lists. The test vehicles fuel system isflushed of fuel from the previous test. The v
28、ehicle fuel tank is then filled with the new test fuel. The vehicle is subjected to arigorous quality control procedure to verify proper engine and overall vehicle operation. To ensure compliance to the test objective,a data logger is active at all times after the test has begun, during all mileage
29、accumulation and soak time.5 Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 86, Appendix IV.6 CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating Manual. Available from the Coordinating Research Council Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, Atlanta, GA30346.D5500 1824.3 The vehicle is operated on a cyc
30、le consisting of 10 % (based on mileage) city (part of the AMA driving schedule), 20 %suburban, and 70 % highway mode per day. This cycle is repeated to accumulate a minimum of 16 090 km (10 000 miles) but nomore than 16 250 km (10 100 miles).4.4 After the required mileage (see 10.4.5) has been accu
31、mulated, the cylinder head is removed from the engine anddisassembled. The valves are weighed, visually assigned merit ratings, and photographed. Operational and mechanical criteria arethen reviewed to determine if the test shall be considered valid.5. Significance and Use5.1 Test MethodIt was deter
32、mined through field testing that intake valve deposits could adversely affect the driveability ofcertain automobiles.7 Southwest Research Institute and BMW of North America (BMW NA) jointly conducted testing to developthis test method to determine an unleaded automotive spark-ignition engine fuels p
33、ropensity to form intake valve deposits. Thistesting concluded that if an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could keep intake valve deposits at or below a certain averageweight per valve at the end of mileage accumulation, then that automotive spark-ignition engine fuel could be used in the BMWv
34、ehicle-engine combination for a specified period without intake valve deposits causing driveability degradation. Minimizingintake valve deposits may be necessary to maintain vehicle driveability and tailpipe emissions control.5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory ActionLegislative activ
35、ity and rulemaking primarily by California AirResources Board8 and the Environmental Protection Agency9 necessitate the acceptance of a standardized test method to evaluatethe intake system deposit forming tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.5.1.2 Relevance of ResultsThe operating c
36、onditions and design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are notrepresentative of all modern automobiles. These factors shall be considered when interpreting test results.5.2 Test Validity:5.2.1 Procedural ComplianceThe test results are not considered valid unless the test is complete
37、d in compliance with allrequirements of this test method. Deviations from the parameter limits presented in Sections 10 and 11 will result in an invalidtest. Engineering judgment shall be applied during conduct of the test method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity ofthe test results.5.2
38、.2 Vehicle ComplianceA test is not considered valid unless the vehicle met the quality control inspection requirements asdescribed in Section 10.6. Apparatus6.1 AutomobileThe test automobile used for this procedure is a 1985 model BMW 318i. The powerplant is a 1.8 L-linefour-cylinder, four-stroke cy
39、cle engine with single overhead camshaft, two valves per cylinder, and electronic port fuel injection.Vehicles equipped with four-speed automatic transmissions and air conditioning are required for the test method. Both 49 state andCalifornia engine calibrations are allowed for this test method.6.1.
40、1 Engine Cooling SystemExperience has shown that the original equipment cooling system has marginal performance atambient conditions above approximately 35 C (95 F). To ensure engine coolant temperature compliance with test validity criteriain 10.4.3, the vehicle may be retrofitted with the radiator
41、 and other appropriate components as outlined in Annex A1.6.1.2 Electronic Port Fuel InjectorsPrior to installation, all injectors shall be evaluated for conformance to spray-pattern andflow rate acceptance criteria (see 8.5). Injectors may be reused if the criteria are satisfied.6.1.3 TiresTires sh
42、all be size P195/60R14, maintained at 190 kPa610 kPa (28 psi61 psi).6.1.4 Miscellaneous PartsAll powertrain components, front end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust system,except as specified, shall be original equipment, original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equivalent.
43、6.1.5 New Engine Parts RequiredTable 1 contains those new parts with the corresponding BMW NA part number to be usedfor preparing the vehicle to run this test method.7 Bitting, B., et al., “Intake Valve Deposits-Fuel Detergency Revisited,” SAE 872117, Society of Automotive Engineers, 1987.8 State of
44、 California Air Resources Board-Stationary Source Division, Test Method for Evaluating Intake Valve Deposits (IVDs) in Vehicle Engines (California Code ofRegulations, Title 13, Section 2257).9 Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990.TABLE 1 New Engine Parts ListsPart Part No.Filter, fuel 13 32 1 270 038Fil
45、ter, oil 11 42 1 278 059Gasket, head set 11 12 1 287 381Gasket, water 11 51 0 686 135Jet valve, nozzle 11 12 1 250 937Spark plug 12 12 1 272 128Thermostat 11 53 1 468 056Valve, intake 11 34 1 254 625D5500 1836.1.5.1 Other parts may be necessary and are listed in Annex A2.6.1.6 Disable Cruise Control
46、Disconnect cruise control cable from the throttle. The cruise control shall not be used for thistest method.6.1.7 Reusable Engine PartsThe parts listed in Table 2 may be reused. The replacement frequency is noted in the footnotes.All parts shall be discarded when they become unserviceable. See Annex
47、 A3 for guidelines regarding the reuse of parts.6.2 Laboratory Facilities:6.2.1 Engine/Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the engine build-up andmeasurement area shall be reasonably free of contaminants and maintained at a uniform temperature63 C (65 F) between 10 C
48、to 27 C (50 F to 80 F). Uniform temperature is necessary to ensure repeatable dimensional measurements and depositevaluation. The specific humidity shall be maintained at a uniform comfortable level.6.2.2 Part Rating and Intake Valve Weighing AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the rating and weighing are
49、a shall be reasonablyfree of contaminants. The induction system ratings shall be performed in accordance to CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and InductionSystem Rating Manual.6.2.3 Fuel Injector Testing AreaThe ambient atmosphere of the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free ofcontaminants. The temperature and humidity shall be maintained at a uniform level to ensure repeatable measurements. This areashall be ventilated for health and safety reasons in accordance with all regulations. (WarningProvide adequate ventilation and
