1、Designation: D5798 19Standard Specification forEthanol Fuel Blends for Flexible-Fuel Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification cover
3、s the requirements for automo-tive fuel blends of ethanol and gasoline for use in groundvehicles equipped with ethanol fuel blend flexible-fuel spark-ignition engines. Fuel produced to this specification contains51 % to 83 % by volume ethanol. This fuel is for use inflexible-fuel vehicles and is som
4、etimes referred to at retail as“Ethanol Flex-Fuel.” Appendix X1 discusses the significanceof the properties specified.1.2 The vapor pressure of ethanol fuel blends is varied forseasonal climatic changes. Vapor pressure is increased at lowertemperatures to ensure adequate flexible-fuel vehicle operab
5、il-ity. Ethanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstockare adjusted by the blender to meet these vapor pressurerequirements.1.3 This specification formerly covered Fuel Ethanol (Ed70-Ed85) for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engines, also knowncommercially as E85. The nomenclature “fuel ethanol” h
6、asbeen changed to “ethanol fuel blends” to distinguish thisproduct from denatured fuel ethanol Specification D4806.Tofacilitate blending of ethanol fuel blends that meet seasonalvapor pressure requirements, a new lower minimum ethanolcontent has been established.1.4 The United States government has
7、established variousprograms for alternative fuels. Many of the definitions ofalternative fuel used by these programs may be more restrictivethan the requirements of this specification. See 4.1.2.1 foradditional information on alternative fuels containing ethanol.1.5 The values stated in SI units are
8、 to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses after SI units areprovided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to thetest method portion, 8.1.8, of this specification. This standarddoes not purport to address all of th
9、e safety concerns, if any,associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisstandard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environ-mental practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-d
10、ance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM S
11、tandards:2D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products andLiquid Fuels at Atmospheric PressureD130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-leum Products by Copper Strip TestD381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-rationD525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of G
12、asoline (In-duction Period Method)D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents andChemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,and Related ProductsD1688 Test Methods for Copper in WaterD3231 Test Method for Phosphorus in GasolineD4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum andPetr
13、oleum ProductsD4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, LiquidFuels, and LubricantsD4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum andPetroleum ProductsD4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers forTests Affected by Trace Contamination1This specification is under the jurisdiction
14、of ASTM Committee D02 onPetroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is under the direct responsi-bility of Subcommittee D02.A0.02 on Oxygenated Fuels and Components.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019. Published February 2019. Originallyapproved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in
15、2018 as D5798 18a. DOI:10.1520/D5798-19.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes
16、 section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decisi
17、on on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1D4806 Specification for Denatured Fuel Ethanol for Blend-ing with Gasolines for Use as Automotive Spark-IgnitionEngine FuelD4
18、814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition EngineFuelD4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline andGasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-ucts and Liquid Fuels (Mini Method)D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur inLight Hy
19、drocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, DieselEngine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet FluorescenceD5501 Test Method for Determination of Ethanol andMethanol Content in Fuels Containing Greater than 20%Ethanol by Gas ChromatographyD5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samplesof Petroleu
20、m and Petroleum ProductsD6423 Test Method for Determination of pHe of DenaturedFuel Ethanol and Ethanol Fuel BlendsD7039 Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, JetFuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, andGasoline-Ethanol Blends by Monochromatic WavelengthDispersive X-ray Fluorescenc
21、e SpectrometryD7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol andButanol by Direct Injection Suppressed Ion Chromatog-raphyD7328 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-tential Inorganic Sulfate and Total Inorganic Chloride inFue
22、l Ethanol by Ion Chromatography Using AqueousSample InjectionD7667 Test Method for Determination of Corrosiveness toSilver by Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine FuelThinSilver Strip MethodD7671 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Silver by Automo-tive SparkIgnition Engine FuelSilver Strip MethodD7757 Tes
23、t Method for Silicon in Gasoline and RelatedProducts by Monochromatic Wavelength DispersiveX-ray Fluorescence SpectrometryD7795 Test Method for Acidity in Ethanol and EthanolBlends by TitrationD7923 Test Method for Water in Ethanol and HydrocarbonBlends by Karl Fischer TitrationE203 Test Method for
24、Water Using Volumetric Karl FischerTitrationE1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-metric Karl Fischer Titration2.2 Government Standards:3United States Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 802.3 SAE Papers:4SAE 2007014006 A Model for Estimating Vapor Pres-sures of Commingled
25、Ethanol Fuels3. Terminology3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 denaturants, nmaterials added to ethanol to make itunsuitable for beverage use under a formula approved by aregulatory agency to prevent the imposition of beveragealcohol tax.3.2.1.1 DiscussionDe
26、naturants are only those materialsadded by the denaturer to comply with the approved formula;any materials absorbed later are not denaturants. D48063.2.2 denatured fuel ethanol, nfuel ethanol made unfit forbeverage use by the addition of denaturants under formula(s)approved by the applicable regulat
27、ory agency to prevent theimposition of beverage alcohol tax. D48063.2.3 ethanol, nethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundCH3CH2OH. D48063.2.4 finished fuel, nhomogeneous mixture of blendstocksand fuel additives meeting all specification and regulatoryrequirements for its intended use at the location wh
28、ere sold.3.2.5 flexible-fuel vehicle, na vehicle designed to operateon both gasoline and ethanol fuel blends and can operate onany mixture of both.3.2.5.1 DiscussionIn the United States, these vehicleshave U.S. EPA emissions certifications using gasoline comply-ing with U.S. EPA requirements and eth
29、anol fuel blends thatmeet the requirements of Specification D5798.3.2.5.2 DiscussionFlex-fuel vehicle and FFV are com-monly used synonyms for flexible-fuel vehicle.3.2.5.3 DiscussionThe fuels may also contain anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactivators, and dyes butdo not contain lead ad
30、ditives. A jurisdiction may set limits onlead content from all sources.3.2.6 gasoline, na volatile mixture of liquidhydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts ofadditives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internalcombustion engines. D48143.2.7 hydrocarbon, na compound composed sol
31、ely ofhydrogen and carbon.3.2.8 methanol, nmethyl alcohol, the chemical compoundCH3OH.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 hydrocarbon blendstock, na blending componentcomposed of hydrocarbons which boil in the gasoline tempera-ture distillation range and trace amounts of natural
32、ly occurringcompounds or additives composed of hydrogen, carbon, andother elements such as sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen.3.3.2 pHe, na measure of the acid strength of alcoholfuels.4. Ordering Information4.1 The purchasing agency shall:4.1.1 Indicate the season and locality in which the fuel is tobe us
33、ed,4.1.2 If requested, ensure that the ethanol concentrationmeets the requirements for an alternative fuel for federal fleets.3A printed copy of the Code of Federal Regulations may be purchased from theU.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. CapitolStreet, N.W., Mail Sto
34、p: SDE, Washington, DC 20401 or the online store athttp:/bookstore.gpo.gov/. The Code of Federal Regulations may be browsed onlineat http:/www.gpoaccess.gov/cfr/index.html.4Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale,PA 15096-0001, http:/www.sae.org.D5798 1924.1.2.1 The
35、composition of alternative fuels in the UnitedStates is regulated by various government agencies and regu-lations including the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) andU.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). With regard tofuel properties including volatility, this specification can bemore or less res
36、trictive than DOE or EPArules, regulations andwaivers. To qualify as an alternative fuel for federal fleet use inthe United States, the ethanol blend is required to meet the U.S.Department of Energys definition of alternative fuels, enactedunder the Energy Policy Act of 1992 (Title III, Sec. 301). F
37、orethanol, the Act defines “alternative fuel” as a mixture con-taining denatured ethanol at a volume of “85 percent or more(or such other percentage, but not less than 70 percent, asdetermined by the Secretary, by rule.).” Correcting for dena-turant content, a blend of 70 to 85 volume % denatured fu
38、elethanol contains 68 % to 83 volume % ethanol as measured byTest Method D5501. The U.S. government has other programsand definitions for alternative fuels.4.1.2.2 Users of this specification are advised to check withthe applicable regulatory agency for specific alternative fuelrequirements.5. Ethan
39、ol Fuel Blends Performance Requirements5.1 Ethanol Fuel Blends shall conform to the requirementsof Table 1.5.1.1 The components used to produce Ethanol Fuel Blendsare limited to denatured fuel ethanol and hydrocarbon blend-stock as defined in 5.2.5.1.2 The intentional addition of lead or phosphorus
40、com-pounds to ethanol fuel blends is not permitted.5.2 Hydrocarbon Blendstock blended with the denaturedfuel ethanol shall meet the requirements of Table 2.5.2.1 The hydrocarbon blendstock may be unleadedgasoline, gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (BOB),natural gasoline or other hydrocarbon
41、s in the gasoline boilingrange.5.3 Vapor pressure is varied for seasonal and climaticchanges by providing four vapor pressure classes for ethanolfuel blends.5.3.1 Class 1 encompasses geographical areas with 6-hourtenth percentile minimum ambient temperature of greater than5 C (41 F).5.3.2 Class 2 en
42、compasses geographical areas with 6-hourtenth percentile minimum ambient temperature of greaterthan 5 C (23 F) but less than or equal to 5 C (41F).5.3.3 Class 3 encompasses geographical areas with 6-hourtenth percentile minimum ambient temperature greater than13 C (9 F) but less than or equal to 5 C
43、 (23F).5.3.4 Class 4 encompasses geographical areas with 6-hourtenth percentile minimum ambient temperature less than orequal to 13 C (9 F).5.3.5 There is a 10 % probability that the highest tempera-ture of the six coldest consecutive hourly temperature readingsof a 24 h day will be colder than the
44、6 h tenth percentileminimum ambient temperature.5.3.6 See 5.4.4 and 5.5.2 for seasonal and geographicaldistributions.5.4 Regulatory and Other Requirements in the UnitedStates:5.4.1 Ethanol content requirements for ethanol alternativefuel blends can be found in 4.1.2.1.TABLE 1 Requirements for Ethano
45、l Fuel BlendsAProperties Class1BClass 2 Class3Class 4 Test MethodsVapor pressure, kPa (psi) 3862(5.59.0)4865(7.09.5)5983(8.512.0)66103(9.515.0)D4953 or D5191All ClassesCEthanol Content, volume % 5183 D5501Water, % by volume (% by mass), max 0.8 (1.0) D7923, E203,orE1064Methanol Content, max, volume
46、% 0.5 D5501Sulfur Content, max, mg/kg 80 D5453 or D7039Acidity, (as acetic acid CH3COOH),mass % (mg/L) mg/kg, max0.005 (40) 50 D7795Solvent-washed gum content,max, mg/100 mL5 D381Unwashed gum content, max,mg/100 mL20 D381pHe 6.5 to 9.0 D6423Inorganic chloride content, max, mg/kg 1 D7319 or D7328Copp
47、er content, max, mg/L 0.07 D1688AFor information on alternative fuels, see 4.1.2.1.BSee 5.3.1 for volatility class criteria.CEthanol content and selection of hydrocarbon blendstock are adjusted by the blender to meet vapor pressure requirements. See X1.3.2 for additional information andguidance for
48、blending.TABLE 2 Requirements for Hydrocarbon BlendstockProperties Test MethodsDistillation, end point, max, C (F) 225 (437) D86Oxidation stability, minimum, minutes 240 D525Copper Strip Corrosion, max No. 1 D130Silver Strip Corrosion, max No. 1 D7667, D7671Vapor pressure ReportAD4953, D5191AWhile n
49、ot a requirement of this specification, the blender will need to know thevapor pressure of the hydrocarbon blendstock in order to choose a suitable blendratio for the components to meet the vapor pressure requirement of a particularvolatility class.D5798 1935.4.2 The denaturant for the denatured fuel ethanol used inmaking ethanol fuel blends shall meet the requirements ofSection 5 in Specification D4806.5.4.3 Ethanol fuel blends of any volatility class shall meetcertain U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regula-tions fo
