1、Designation: D5995 98 (Reapproved 2010)D5995 18Standard Guide forEnvironmental Site CharacterizationInvestigation in ColdRegions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revis
2、ion, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONUnderstanding environmental processes that occur in soil and rock systems in cold regions of theworld
3、 depends on adequate characterization of not only the physical, chemical, and biologicalproperties of soil and rock but also the climatic factors under which they exist. Processes of interestmay include, but are not limited to, surface and subsurface hydrology, contaminant mobilization,distribution,
4、 fate and transport, chemical and biological degradation of wastes, geomorphological, andecological processes in general.1. Scope1.1 Understanding environmental processes that occur in soil and rock systems in cold regions of the world depends on adequatecharacterization of not only the physical, ch
5、emical, and biological properties of soil and rock but also the climatic factors underwhich they exist. Processes of interest may include, but are not limited to, surface and subsurface hydrology, contaminantmobilization, distribution, fate and transport, chemical and biological degradation of waste
6、s, geomorphological, and ecologicalprocesses in general.1.2 Use this guide This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5730.1.3 This guide describes special problems to be considered when planning field investigations in cold regions. The primaryfocus of this guide is presenting the special
7、 problems and concerns of site characterization in the cold regions of the world.1.4 Laboratory testing of soil, rock, and groundwater samples is specified by other ASTM standards that are not specificallydiscussed in this guide. Laboratory methods for measurement of physical properties relevant to
8、environmental investigations areincluded in Guide D5730.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.6 This guide emphasizes the care that must be taken by all field personnel during operations in tundra and permafrost areasof the world.1.7 This guide offers an organized co
9、llection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard
10、 is not intended to represent or replacethe standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be appliedwithout consideration of a projects many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that thedocument
11、 has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and
12、determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendati
13、ons issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and SubsurfaceCharacterization.Current edition approved May 1, 2010De
14、c. 15, 2018. Published September 2010December 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 20042010as D599598(2004).D599598(2010). DOI: 10.1520/D5995-98R10.10.1520/D5995-18.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an i
15、ndication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to b
16、e considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained FluidsD4083 Practice for Description of Frozen Soils
17、(Visual-Manual Procedure)D5254D5254/D5254M Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Groundwater SiteD5408 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site; Part OneAdditional Identification DescriptorsD5409D5409/D5409M Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwa
18、ter Site; Part TwoPhysical DescriptorsD5410 Guide for Set of Data Elements to Describe a Groundwater Site;Part ThreeUsage Descriptors (Withdrawn 2016)3D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone andGroundwater (Withdrawn 2013)3D5781D5
19、781/D5781M Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of Subsurface Water Quality Monitoring DevicesD5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration and theInstallation of
20、Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring DevicesD6001 Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site CharacterizationD7099 Terminology Relating to Frozen Soil and Rock3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions: Definitions of terms used in this guide are in accordance with Terminology D6
21、53.3.1.1 GuideFor D5730 identifies major references from a range of disciplines that can be used asdefinitions of commontechnical terms used in this standard, refer to Terminology standards D653 additionaland D7099sources for definitions of termsthat are related to environmental site characterizatio
22、n. .3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 active layer, nthe top layer of ground above the permafrost table that thaws each summer and refreezes each fall.3.2.2 alpine permafrost, npermafrost developed in temperate climate mountainous areas of the world.3.2.3 continuous permafrost
23、, npermafrost occurring everywhere beneath the exposed land surface throughout a geographicregional zone, with the exception of widely scattered sites, such as newly deposited unconsolidated sediments, where the climatehas just begun to impose its influence on the ground thermal regime that will cau
24、se the formation of continuous permafrost.3.2.4 discontinuous permafrost, npermafrost occurring in some areas beneath the ground surface throughout a geographicregional zone where other areas are free of permafrost.3.2.5 icing, na sheet-like mass of layered ice, either on the ground surface or on th
25、e surface of river ice. Aufeis (German),Naled (Russian).3.2.6 permafrost, nthe thermal condition in earth materials where temperatures below 0 C persist over at least twoconsecutive winters and the intervening summer; moisture in the form of water and ground ice may or may not be present. Earthmater
26、ials in this thermal condition may be described as perennially frozen, irrespective of their water and ice content.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide, when used in conjunction with Guide D5730, provides direction to the selection of the variousASTM standardsthat are available for the investigatio
27、n of soil, rock, the vadose zone, groundwater, and other media where the investigations havean environmental purpose and are conducted in cold regions of the world. It is intended to improve consistency of practice andto encourage rational planning of a site characterization program by providing inf
28、ormation to assist in the design of anenvironmental reconnaissance or investigation plans. This guide is intended to provide information that will help minimize reduceas much as possible the effect of site characterizationinvestigation operations on areas of frozen ground or permafrost and increaset
29、he safety of environmental operations in cold regions.4.2 This guide presents information and references for site characterization for environmental purposes in cold regions of theworld.5. Special Problems of Cold Regions5.1 SafetyWhen working in very cold temperatures safety is of utmost importance
30、. Weather is volatile and unpredictable. Thedifficulty of working under arctic conditions tends to cause frustration and increases the chance of injury. Freezing of exposed fleshand hypothermia can occur very quickly under winter conditions. Specific training in arctic survival techniques in accorda
31、nce withthe Department of the Army or comparable training is recommended for anyone expected to work in these conditions.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer
32、 to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.D5995 1825.2 TundraAll operations in areas of tundra must be undertaken with special care. What causes a minor impact in a temperateregion from a small en
33、vironmental site characterization study will have a greater impact on tundra or areas underlain by permafrost.Special care and attention during the planning process must be given to field operations to prevent damage to the tundra surfaceand vegetation. Winter field operations when tundra is protect
34、ed by snow and ice are less damaging than summer operations butincrease difficulties created by very cold temperatures (see 5.3).5.2.1 Give special attention to all operations using any form of vehicle in tundra areas. Because of the fragile nature of tundraonly a single vehicle pass or aircraft lan
35、ding may be all that is required to can cause uncontrolled degradation of the vegetationand underlying permafrost.5.2.2 Give special attention to any operation using a motorized or heat producing unit (for example, drilling equipment). Theseitems must be insulated in order to protect permafrost or f
36、rozen surface layers against heat transfer, which can result in irreversibledegradation of the vegetation and underlying permafrost.5.3 Very Cold TemperaturesField operations during seasons of very cold temperatures requiredemand special planning andconcern. Work elements that would requiretake only
37、 an hour or so to perform in temperate climates may requiretake several daysto perform under the winter temperatures of cold regions. Site investigation planning should take into consideration and allowsufficient time to perform all steps of the investigation. Some procedures, such as tactile method
38、s for visual-manual classificationof soils, may not be feasible during cold weather.5.4 PermafrostThe cold winters and short summers of the polar regions produce a layer of frozen ground or permafrost thatremains frozen through the summer. Permafrost is a phenomenon of the polar and subpolar regions
39、 of the world. About 20 % ofthe worlds land is underlain by permafrost. Permafrost and permafrost hazards uniquely affect most activities in the cold regions,and permafrost and associated hazards must be considered in the planning of all environmental site characterization operations.5.4.1 Many perm
40、afrost areas of the world are not in equilibrium with the existing climate.Any small disturbance of the thermalregime of the permafrost, such as a tire track or drill hole, may result in a drastic change in the underlying permafrost. Therefore,extreme care must be given to prevent damage to the envi
41、ronment when conducting characterization operations in areas underlainby permafrost.5.4.2 Permafrost acts as a natural barrier in some areas, containing aquifers not usually exposed to surface conditions.Penetration of the permafrost layer into underlying groundwater during installation of monitorin
42、g wells or collection of deep coresamples can increase and exacerbate the fate and transport of environmental contaminants. This can, in turn, change a relativelysmall, contained site into a much larger area of contamination with greater environmental impact in a region with fragile, highlyspecializ
43、ed flora and fauna.5.5 Seepage IcingsGroundwater that seeps or flows at ground surface often results in the formation of disruptive icings.Because many of these seepage sites are located along road cuts the icings may result in loss of use of the roadway. Seepage icingsfrom uncontrolled artesian wel
44、l flow have been known to cause disruptions. Seasonal frost moves downward more quickly alongroadways than it does adjacent undisturbed areas. At times, seasonal frost will move downward to contact the underlyingpermafrost and form a frost dam within the soil that impedes the flow of groundwater. Hy
45、drostatic pressure will then increase,forcing water to the surface forming an icing. Special attention must be given when undertaking environmental site investigationsin cold regions to prevent the occurrence of icings, unless specifically created by design for construction of winter haul roads.5.6
46、Frost HeavingIn areas of fine-grained sediments, such as silt and clay, frost heaving along with loss of bearing strengthis a major problem that must be considered when installing recorder sites for monitoring operations in cold regions. Frost heavingmay distort structures, collapse well casings, an
47、d cause changes in casing elevations of wells. If not corrected, changes in casingelevation may result in water level measurements that are not correct. During design, siting or construction of structures, frostheaving must be considered and taken into account.5.7 Transient Artesian ConditionsDuring
48、 drilling operations, special attention must be given to possible artesian groundwaterconditions below any existing permafrost layers. Drilling operations in cold regions must include plans for dealing with the artesianpressures and blow-out prevention. This may require prevention, such as the use o
49、f forward rotary drilling equipment and mudadditives to increase the specific weight of the drilling fluid during drilling. Guide D5783 on direct rotary drilling should beconsulted for information on use of drilling fluid additives.6. Site Investigation Plan6.1 Review objectives of the investigation prior to final development of a detailed site investigation plan. In cold regions thisrequires the involvement of plan, involving individuals or organizations with experience working in such regions. The detailed siteinvestigation plan should clearly identify the ty
