1、Designation: D6046 17D6046 18Standard Classification ofHydraulic Fluids for Environmental Impact1This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6046; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This classification covers all unused fully formulated hydraulic fluids in their original form.1.2 This classification establishes c
3、ategories for the impact of hydraulic fluids on different environmental compartments asshown in Table 1. Fluids are assigned designations within these categories; for example PwL, Pwe, and so forth, based onperformance in specified tests.1.3 In the current version of this classification the This cla
4、ssification includes environmental persistence and acute ecotoxicityas aspects of environmental impact included are environmental persistence of which biodegradability is one component and acuteecotoxicity. impact. Although environmental persistence is discussed first, this classification does not i
5、mply that considerations ofenvironmental persistence should take precedence over concerns for ecotoxicity.1.3.1 Environmental persistence describes long term impact of hydraulic fluids to the environment. Environmental persistenceis preferably measured by ultimate biodegradation but can also be meas
6、ured by other means.1.3.2 Acute toxicity describes the immediate toxic impact of hydraulic fluids to the environment. Acute toxicity is preferablymeasured by the three trophic levels of aquatic organisms (Algae, Crustacea, and Fish).1.4 Another important aspect of environmental impact is bioaccumula
7、tion. This aspect is not addressed in the presentclassification because adequate test methods do not yet exist to measure bioaccumulation of hydraulic fluids.1.5 The present classification addresses the fresh water and soil environmental compartments.At this time marine and anaerobicenvironmental co
8、mpartments are not included, although they are pertinent for many uses of hydraulic fluids. Hydraulic fluids areexpected to have no significant impact on the atmosphere; therefore that compartment is not addressed.1.6 This classification addresses releases to the environment which are incidental to
9、the use of a hydraulic fluid. Theclassification is not intended to address environmental impact in situations of major, accidental release. Nothing in thisclassification should be taken to relieve the user of the responsibility to properly use and dispose of hydraulic fluids.1.7 This classification
10、does not cover any performance properties of a hydraulic fluid which relate to its performance in ahydraulic system.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate
11、 safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability ofregulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of
12、 International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D5291 Test Methods for Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and LubricantsD5
13、864 Test Method for Determining Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation of Lubricants or Their ComponentsD6006 Guide for Assessing Biodegradability of Hydraulic FluidsD6081 Practice for Aquatic Toxicity Testing of Lubricants: Sample Preparation and Results Interpretation1 This classification is under the jur
14、isdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee D02.N0 on Hydraulic Fluids.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2017October 2018. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous edition app
15、roved in 20122017 asD6046 02 (2012).D6046 17. DOI: 10.1520/D6046-17.10.1520/D6046-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary p
16、age on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that
17、 users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Co
18、nshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Environmental FateE1440 Guide for Acute Toxicity Test with the Rotifer Brachionus2.2 ISO Standards:3International Standard ISO Test 9439:1990 Technical Corrigendum 1, Water QualityEvaluation inAnAqueous Medi
19、um of the“Ultimate” Biodegradability of Organic CompoundsMethod by Analysis of Released Carbon Dioxide2.3 OECD Standards:4OECD 301B CO2 Evolution Test (the Modified Sturm Test)OECD 301C Modified MITI Test (I)OECD 301F Manometric Respirometry TestOECD 201 Alga, Growth Inhibition TestOECD 202 Daphnia
20、sp., Acute Immobilisation Test and Reproduction TestOECD 203 Fish, Acute Toxicity TestOECD 207 Earthworm Acute Toxicity TestOECD 208 Terrestrial Plants Growth Test2.4 US EPA Tests:5Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation Test, 40 CFR 796.3100 (Also available as EPA publication 560/6-82-003, number CG-2000)To
21、xic Substances ControlAct (TSCA), 40 CFR Parts 796 and 797Environmental Effects Testing Guidelines, Federal Register,Vol 50, No. 188, September 27, 1985, p. 393212.5 Environmental Canada Test Methods:6Biological Test Method: Acute Lethality Test Using Rainbow Trout, Report EPS 1/9, Environment Canad
22、a, July 1990Biological Test Method: Reference Method for Determining Acute Lethality of Effluents to Rainbow Trout, Reference MethodEPS 1/RM/13, Environment Canada, July 1990Biological Test Method: Growth Inhibition Test Using the Freshwater Alga Selenastrum capricornutum, Report EPS 1/RM/25,Environ
23、ment Canada, November 1992Biological Test Method: Acute Lethality Test Using Daphnia spp., Report EPS 1/RM/11, Environment Canada, July 1990Biodegradability of Two-Stroke Cycle Outboard Engine Oils in Water, CEC L-33-A-93, Co-Ordinating European Council, 1994(Formerly L-33-T-82)Toxic Substances Cont
24、rolAct (TSCA), Good Laboratory Practice Standards, Final Rule, U.S. Federal Register, 40 CFR Part 792,August 17, 19892.6 Other Standards:MENVIQ 92.03/800D.mag. 1.1, March 1992729 CFR 1910 OSHA Regulated Carcinogens and Potential Carcinogens53. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 acute ecotoxicity, nthe
25、 propensity of a material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations in a short period of time, usually not constituting a substantial portion of the life span of theorganism.3.1.2 aerobic, adj(1) taking place in the presence of oxygen,
26、(2) living or active in the presence of oxygen.3.1.3 anaerobic, adj(1) taking place in the absence of oxygen, (2) living or active in the absence of oxygen.3.1.4 biodegradation, nthe process of chemical breakdown or transformation of a material caused by organisms or theirenzymes.3 Available from Am
27、erican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org. All standards referenced are fromthe OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals.4 Available from Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2, RueAndre Pascal, S-75775, Par
28、is CEDEX 16, France. May also be found in U.S.Federal Register, Vol 50, No. 188, September 27, 1965, paragraph 796.3260.5 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.6 Available from CEC, Madou Plaza, Place Madou 1, B-1030 Brussels, Belgium.7 Available from Ministere de lEnvironme
29、nt, Gouvernment du Quebec.TABLE 1 Overview of Extended ClassificationEnvironmentalCompartmentCategories of Environmental ImpactEnvironmentalPersistence Ecotoxicity BioaccumulationFresh Water Pw Tw BwMarine Pm Tm BmSoil Ps Ts BsAnaerobic Pa Ta BaD6046 1823.1.4.1 DiscussionBiodegradation is only one m
30、echanism by which materials are removed fromtransformed in the environment.3.1.5 ecotoxicity, nthe propensity of a material to produce adverse behavioral, biochemical, or physiological effects innon-human organisms or populations.3.1.6 effect load XX (ELXX), na statistically or graphically estimated
31、 loading rate of test material that is expected to cause oneor more specified effects in XX % of a group of organisms under specified conditions for a specified time.3.1.6.1 DiscussionThis terminology should be used for hydraulic fluids instead of the standard effect concentration (ECXX) when the hy
32、draulic fluidis not completely soluble under test conditions.3.1.7 environmental compartment, na subdivision of the environment based on physical or chemical properties, or both.3.1.7.1 DiscussionExamples of environmental compartments are aerobic fresh water, aerobic marine, aerobic soil, and anaero
33、bic media. The resultsof test procedures may be applied to environmental compartments, but the test systems do not constitute an environmentalcompartment.3.1.8 fresh water environment, nthe aerobic, fresh water environmental compartment.3.1.9 good laboratory practices (GLP), nguidelines for the mana
34、gement of laboratory experiments which are published byregulatory agencies or other recognized groups and are concerned with the organizational process and the conditions under whichlaboratory studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, and reported.3.1.9.1 DiscussionThe major GLPs used are
35、 USEPATSCA, USFDA, OECD, and to some extent the MITI version from Japan for submissions inJapan.3.1.10 inhibition load XX (ILXX), na statistically or graphically estimated loading rate of test material that is expected to causea XX % inhibition of a biological process (such as growth or reproduction
36、) which has an analog as opposed to a digital measure.3.1.10.1 DiscussionAn example of a digital measure would be alive or dead. This terminology should be used for hydraulic fluids instead of thestandard inhibition concentration (ICXX) when the hydraulic fluid is not completely soluble under test c
37、onditions.3.1.11 inoculum, nspores, bacteria, single-celled organisms, or other live materials that are introduced into a test medium.3.1.12 lethal load XX (LLXX), na statistically or graphically estimated loading rate of test material that is expected to be lethalto XX % of a group of organisms und
38、er specified conditions for a specified time.3.1.12.1 DiscussionThis terminology should be used for hydraulic fluids instead of the standard lethal concentration (LCXX) when the hydraulic fluidis not completely soluble under test conditions.3.1.13 loading rate, nthe ratio of test material to aqueous
39、 medium used in the preparation of a water accommodated fraction(WAF) and in interpretation of the results of a toxicity study with a poorly water soluble lubricant or lubricant component.3.1.14 mechanical dispersion, na mixture produced by the application of mechanical shearing forces to a multi-ph
40、ase system,one component of which is water, so as to distribute one or more of the materials uniformly throughout the mass of the water withthe water existing as a continuous phase.3.1.15 pre-adaptation, nthe pre-incubation of an inoculum in the presence of the test material and under conditions sim
41、ilarto the test conditions.3.1.15.1 DiscussionThe aim of pre-adaptation is to improve the precision of the test method by decreasing variability in the rate of biodegradationD6046 183produced by the inoculum. Pre-adaptation may mimic the natural processes which cause changes in the microbial populat
42、ion ofthe inoculum leading to more rapid biodegradation of the test material but not to a change in the final extent of biodegradation.3.1.16 primary biodegradation, ndegradation of the test material by microorganisms resulting in a change in its physical orchemical properties, or both.3.1.16.1 Disc
43、ussionThe extent to which the results of a primary biodegradation test correspond to the biological conversion of the test material willdepend on the attribute which is being measured.3.1.17 primary biodegradation test, na test which follows the disappearance of a test material by measuring some att
44、ributeof the material.3.1.17.1 DiscussionThe extent to which the results of a primary biodegradation test correspond to the biological conversion of the test material willdepend on the attribute which is being measured.3.1.18 terrestrial (or soil) environment, nthe aerobic environmental compartment
45、which is found in and on natural soils.3.1.19 theoretical CO2, nthe amount of CO2 which could in theory be produced from the complete oxidation of all the carbonin a material.3.1.20 theoretical O2, nthe amount of oxygen which would theoretically be required to completely oxidize a material.3.1.21 ul
46、timate biodegradation, ndegradation achieved when a material is totally utilized by microorganisms resulting in theproduction of carbon dioxide (and possibly methane in the case of anaerobic biodegradation), water, inorganic compounds, andnew microbial cellular constituents (biomass or secretions or
47、 both).3.1.22 ultimate biodegradation test, na test which estimates the extent to which the carbon in a material is converted to CO2or methane, either directly by measuring the production of CO2 or methane, or, for aerobic biodegradation, indirectly by measuringthe consumption of O2.3.1.22.1 Discuss
48、ionThe measurement of new biomass is usually not attempted.3.1.23 water accommodated fraction (WAF), nthe predominately aqueous portion of a mixture of water and a poorlywater-soluble material which separates in a specified period of time after the mixture has undergone a specified degree of mixinga
49、nd includes water, dissolved components, and dispersed droplets of the poorly water soluble material.3.1.23.1 DiscussionThe chemical composition of the WAF depends on the ratio of poorly soluble material to water in the original mixture as well asthe details of the mixing procedure.3.1.24 wppman abbreviation for part per million by weight.3.1.25 Definitions and terms not given in this classification may be found in the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions,1990 or Terminology E943.4. Significance and Use4.1 This classification estab
