1、Designation: E2356 18Standard Practice forComprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2356; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par
2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting com-prehensive surveys of buildings and facilities for the purpose oflocating, identifying, quanti
3、fying, and assessing asbestos-containing materials.1.2 The results of a Comprehensive Building AsbestosSurvey are intended to be used for ongoing management ofasbestos-containing materials, including Operations and Main-tenance (O1.4.2 Obtaining and reviewing information on the buildingor facility i
4、ncluding previous surveys and response actions;1.4.3 Conducting the physical activities of inspecting thepremises and collecting bulk samples of suspect materials;1.4.4 Analyzing the bulk samples for asbestos type andcontent;1.4.5 Assessing the Current Condition and Potential forDisturbance of asbes
5、tos-containing materials; and1.4.6 Preparing a report that includes a narrative discussionof the findings, tabulations of inspection, sampling and analysisresults, graphical depiction of the areas inspected, and theresults of the assessment.1.5 This practice does not include air sampling or surface(
6、dust) sampling for purposes of evaluating a potential exposurehazard from airborne asbestos fibers. The reader may findassistance with exposure assessment determination by review-ing Practice D7886.1.6 WarningAsbestos fibers are acknowledged carcino-gens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in dise
7、ase of thelungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.Precautions in this practice should be taken to avoid creatingand breathing airborne asbestos particles from materials knownor suspected to contain asbestos. See 2.2 for regulatoryrequirements addressing asbestos.1.7 The values stat
8、ed in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its u
9、se. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principl
10、es on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D7521 Test Method for Determination
11、 of Asbestos in SoilD7712 Terminology for Sampling and Analysis of AsbestosD7886 Practice for Asbestos Exposure Assessments for Re-petitive Maintenance and Installation TasksE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1368 Practice for Visual Inspection ofAsbestosAbatementProjectsE1494 Practice for T
12、esting Physical Properties of FriableSurfacing MaterialsE2394 Practice for Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair of1This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D22 on Air Qualityand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.07 on Sampling, Analysis,Management of Asbestos, and Other
13、 Microscopic Particles.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2356 14. DOI:10.1520/E2356-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servicea
14、stm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with
15、internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1Installed Asbestos Cement ProductsMNL-23 Ma
16、nual onAsbestos Control: Surveys,Assessment,Abatement, and Management Third Edition, 20152.2 Other Documents:29 CFR 1910.134 Respiratory Protection Standard329 CFR 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Spaces329 CFR 1926 SubpartAA Confined Spaces in Construction329 CFR 1926.1101 Occupational Exposure to
17、 Asbestos(OSHA Construction Standard)340 CFR Part 61 National Emission Standards for HazardousAir Pollutants: Subpart MAsbestos340 CFR Part 763, Appendix E to Subpart E Interim Methodof the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk InsulationSamples (Section 1, Section 2 only as applicable), 1987440 CFR Par
18、t 763, Subpart E Asbestos-Containing Materialsin Schools (EPA AHERA Regulations)440 CFR Part 763, Subpart E, Appendix C (EPA ModelAccreditation Plan)4EPA 5605-85-030A Asbestos in Buildings: SimplifiedSampling Scheme for Surfacing Materials (“Pink Book”),19854EPA 600R-04004 Research Method for Sampli
19、ng andAnalysis of Fibrous Amphibole in Vermiculite AtticInsulation, January 20044EPA 600R-93116 Method for the Determination of Asbes-tos in Bulk Building Materials, June 19934Managing Asbestos in Buildings A Guide for Owners andManagers, March 201552.3 ISO Standards:ISO/IEC 17025 Testing and Calibr
20、ation Laboratories63. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of building terms, see Ter-minology E631.3.2 Terms Defined in PracticeThe user is referred toPractice E1368 for terms specifically related to asbestosabatement for purposes of a Project Design Survey.3.2.1 asbestos-containing materials,
21、 nmaterial containingmore than one percent asbestos.3.2.1.1 miscellaneous materials, nmaterial, other thansurfacing material and thermal system insulation, on interiorand exterior structural, mechanical, electrical, or architecturalcomponents, and surfaces. Miscellaneous material includes butis not
22、limited to ceiling tiles, gaskets, floor coverings andmastics, wallboard joint compound, roofing materials, andcementitious products.3.2.1.2 surfacing material, nmaterial that is sprayed,troweled-on, or otherwise applied to interior and exteriorstructural and architectural surfaces. Surfacing materi
23、al in-cludes acoustical plaster on ceilings, fireproofing on structuralmembers, textured paint and exterior stucco, and other mate-rials applied to surfaces for acoustical, decorative, fireproofing,and other purposes.3.2.1.3 thermal system insulation, nmaterial which isapplied to interior and exteri
24、or mechanical components toreduce heat gain or loss. Thermal system insulation includesinsulation on pipes, fittings, boilers, breeching, tanks, ducts,and other mechanical components.3.2.2 crawl space, nan accessible area that may have adirt floor, usually with low head room.3.2.3 high effciency par
25、ticulate air (HEPA) filter, nthefinal stage filter on a negative pressure ventilation device (see3.2.19 in Practice E1368) or on a vacuum cleaner, capable oftrapping and retaining at least 99.97 percent of all mono-dispersed particles of 0.3 micrometres in diameter.3.2.4 dust and debris, nvisible pa
26、rticles, fragments, orchunks of material, large enough to have settled in the workarea by virtue of their weight, that are presumed to haveoriginated from the material abated by the response action, orfrom a fiber release episode.3.2.5 fiber release episode, nuncontrolled or unintentionaldisturbance
27、 of asbestos-containing materials which results inthe generation of dust and debris.3.2.6 friable material, nmaterial easily crumbled or pow-dered by moderate (hand) pressure.3.2.7 response action, na method of abatement (such asremoval, encapsulation, or enclosure) or operations and main-tenance (s
28、uch as repair, clean-up, or preventive measures) ofasbestos-containing material in any form, for any purposewhatsoever.3.2.8 visual inspection process, nthe activities before,during, and at the conclusion of a response action that areassociated with detecting the presence of visible residue, dustand
29、 debris, or unremoved material and verifying the absencethereof at the completion of a response action.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 accessible location, na functional space or partthereof that can be inspected without requiring destructivetesting or presenting an unaccept
30、able health or safety risk to theinspector, and where entry is not prohibited by security or otherinstitutional restrictions.3.3.2 building asbestos survey, nan activity to determinethe presence, location, condition, and quantity of asbestos-containing materials in a building or facility, or on the
31、propertycontaining the building or facility.3.3.3 bulk sample, na sample of suspect asbestos-containing material collected for identification of asbestos anddetermination of the percent of the components in the sample.3.3.4 concealed space, na location requiring destructivetesting for penetration of
32、 a building or component surface forinspection and, if necessary, sampling of suspect material.Concealed spaces include, but are not limited to, cavities inside3Available from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 200Constitution Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20210, http:/www.osha.gov.4Av
33、ailable from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,http:/www.epa.gov.5Available from Environmental Information Association, Inc. (EIA), 6935Wisconsin Avenue Suite 306 Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6112, https:/eia
34、-usa.org.6Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E2356 182soffits, walls and chases, plenums above solid ceilings, sub-floor ducts and cable runs, and th
35、e interior of HVAC equip-ment.3.3.5 destructive testing, ninspection procedures that nec-essarily involve objectionable or noticeable damage to buildingsurfaces, or require penetration of a surface such as a wall,ceiling, chase, or shaft to gain access to a concealed space.Lifting a ceiling tile or
36、opening a hatch is not destructivetesting.3.3.6 excluded area, na functional space or part thereofwhere entry is prohibited by security or other institutionalrestrictions.3.3.7 functional space, nan area within a building orfacility that is used for a specific purpose. Examples include awarehouse in
37、 a manufacturing plant and a conference room inan office building. A functional space can be vertical in extent,such as a pipe chase, and span several floors.3.3.8 homogeneous area, nsurfacing material, thermalsystem insulation material, or miscellaneous material that isuniform in color and texture
38、and apparent or known date ofinstallation.3.3.9 laboratory, nan entity that is equipped and qualifiedto perform one or more of the following analyses, usingapproved methods: (1) identify and quantify asbestos in bulksamples by Polarized Light Microscopy, (2) identify andquantify asbestos in bulk sam
39、ples by Transmission ElectronMicroscopy, and (3) perform counting procedures and quantifyairborne fibers with Phase Contrast Microscopy.3.3.10 limits of abatement, nan area where asbestos-related activities will be conducted before, during and at theconclusion of the project, that is contiguous with
40、 and includesthe limits of construction for an associated renovation ordemolition project.3.3.11 non-friable organically bound (NOB) materials,nmaterials that are not friable and that consist of fibers andother particulate matter embedded in a solid matrix ofasphaltic, vinyl or other organic substan
41、ces.3.3.12 operations and maintenance (O riebeckite (cro-cidolite); grunerite (grunerite asbestos Amosite); anthophyl-lite (anthophyllite asbestos); tremolite (tremolite asbestos); andactinolite (actinolite asbestos). The amphibole mineral compo-sitions are defined according to the nomenclature of t
42、heInternational Mineralogical Association.3.4.1.2 DiscussionThe mineral fibers described in thisdefinition are listed below. This method is also applicable toother mineral fibers of interest not listed in Table 1.3.5 Acronyms:3.5.1 ACMAsbestos-containing material(s)3.5.2 AHERAAsbestos Hazard Emergen
43、cy Response Act3.5.3 EPAU.S. Environmental Protection Agency3.5.4 HEPAHigh Efficiency Particulate Air3.5.5 NADNo Asbestos Detected3.5.6 NESHAPNational Emission Standards for Hazard-ousAir Pollutants; specifically, the National Emission Standardfor Asbestos (40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M)3.5.7 NOBNon-fri
44、able organically-bound3.5.8 OSHAU.S. Department of Labor, OccupationalSafety and Health Administration3.5.9 PPEPersonal Protective Equipment3.5.10 PLMPolarized Light Microscopy3.5.11 TEMTransmission Electron Microscopy3.5.12 VAIVermiculite Attic Insulation4. Significance and Use4.1 Management of asb
45、estos-containing materials in build-ings and facilities requires knowledge of the location, type,quantity, and condition of the material. The more complete andaccurate the information available, the more appropriate andcost-effective are the control measures used to reduce possibleexposure to airbor
46、ne asbestos fibers. This is true whether theasbestos-containing materials remain undisturbed and com-pletely intact, are selectively removed for maintenance or priorTABLE 1 AsbestosAsbestosChemical AbstractService No.Chrysotile 12001-29-5Crocidolite 12001-28-4Amosite 12172-73-5Anthophyllite asbestos
47、 77536-67-5Tremolite asbestos 77536-68-6Actinolite asbestos 77536-66-4Asbestos 1332-21-4E2356 183to renovation, or are removed to the greatest extent feasiblebefore demolishing the building or facility.4.2 This practice describes three types of surveys thatsupport different objectives. These are the
48、 Baseline Survey, theProject Design Survey, and the Pre-Construction Survey.4.2.1 The Baseline Survey is a building-wide or facility-wide inspection that provides a general sense of the overalllocation, type, quantity, and condition of asbestos-containingmaterials present. It is thorough in that mos
49、t accessiblefunctional spaces are inspected and bulk samples taken ofsuspect materials observed. The baseline survey providesinformation for long-term management of asbestos-containingmaterials and prioritization of response actions. The presenceof asbestos in suspect materials may be assumed or presumedin some cases without bulk samples being taken or analyzed.However, the baseline survey is unobtrusive in that samples arenot taken where doing so would result in objectionable damageto surfaces or where institutional barriers pr
