1、Designation: E3167/E3167M 18Standard Practice forConventional Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Testing of PolyethyleneElectrofusion Joints1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3167/E3167M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes a procedure for ultrasonictesting (UT) of electrofusion joints in pol
3、yethylene pipesystems. This practice provides one ultrasonic examinationprocedure for ultrasonic pulse-echo straight beam contacttesting, using straight-beam longitudinal waves introduced bydirect contact of the search unit with the material beingexamined.1.2 The practice is intended to be used on p
4、olyethyleneelectrofusion socket (for example, couplings) and saddle (forexample, tees) fittings for use on polyethylene pipe ranging indiameters from nominal 0.5 in. to 12 in. 12 mm to 300 mmwith pipe dimension ratios (DR) ranging from 6.3 to 17.Greater and lesser thicknesses and greater and lesser
5、diametersmay be tested using this practice if the technique can bedemonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of thesame wall thickness and geometry.1.3 This practice does not address ultrasonic examination ofbutt fusions. Ultrasonic testing of polyethylene butt fusionjoints is addressed i
6、n Practice E3044/E3044M.NOTE 1The notes in this practice are for information only and shallnot be considered part of this practice.NOTE 2This standard references HDPE and MDPE materials for pipeapplications defined by Specification D3350.1.4 This practice does not specify acceptance criteria. Refert
7、o Specification F1055 and Practice F1290 for destructiveacceptance criteria.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, toensure conformance with the standard,
8、 each system shall beused independently of the other, and values from the twosystems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety,
9、health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Inte
10、rnational Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein.2.2 ASTM Standards:2D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Pl
11、astics Pipe and Fit-tings MaterialsE114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-BeamContact TestingE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE3044/E3044M Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Polyeth-ylene Butt Fusion JointsF412
12、 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping SystemsF1055 Specification for Electrofusion Type PolyethyleneFittings for Outside Diameter Controlled Polyethyleneand Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Pipe and TubingF1290 Practice for Electrofusion Joining Polyolefin Pipe andFittings2.3 ASNT Standards:3ASNT Pr
13、actice SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification andCertification in Nondestructive TestingANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibil
14、ity of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published December 2018. DOI:10.1520/E3167_E3167M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume
15、 information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consh
16、ohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Org
17、anization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.4 AIA Document:4NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTesting Personnel2.5 ISO Standard:5ISO 9712 Non-Destructive TestingQualification and Cer-tification of NDT Personnel3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsRelated terminology is de
18、fined in Termi-nology E1316 and Terminology F412.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cell classification, nfor polyethylene pipe resin, thisis a six-digit code and letter describing the primary propertiesthat are considered important in the manufacture of PE piping,in the heat f
19、usion joining of this material, and in defining thelong-term performance capabilities and color/UV stability. Theclassification categories are defined in Specification D3350.3.2.2 dimension ratio (DR), nthe average specified out-side pipe diameter divided by the minimum specified wallthickness.3.2.2
20、.1 DiscussionThe wall thickness increases when theDR decreases.3.2.2.2 DiscussionStandard Dimension Ratio (SDR) is anANSI term to describe specific DRs in the series, for exampleSDR9, SDR11, SDR17, and others.3.2.3 electrofusion joint, na joint made by using anelectrofusion type fitting where a heat
21、 source is an integral partof the fitting. The pipe is inserted into the socket of the fittingor the saddle of the fitting is placed over the pipe. When anelectric current is applied, heat is produced that melts theplastic of both the fitting and pipe resulting in a continuousjoint between the fitti
22、ng and the pipe. It is recommended thatthe fusion procedures comply with Practice F1290 and fittingsto Specification F1055.3.2.4 high density polyethylene (HDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing ethylene,having a density range of 0.940 g/cm3to 0.955 g/cm3perSpecification
23、D3350.3.2.5 material designations, na shortened code to identifythe pipe materials short-term and long-term properties.3.2.5.1 DiscussionFor polyethylene, the “PE-XXXX”material designation represents the density (first digit), slowcrack growth resistance (second digit) and hydrostatic designstress (
24、HDS, last two digits) where Specification D3350 is thereference.3.2.6 medium density polyethylene (MDPE), na tough,flexible, thermoplastic resin made by polymerizing ethylene,having density range of 0.925 g/cm3to 0.940 g/cm3perSpecification D3350.3.2.7 particulate contamination, nfine particles, suc
25、h asairborne dust, or coarse particles, such as sand and grit, that arepresent at the fusion interface.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This practice provides a general description of theprocedures to carry out ultrasonic examination of polyethyleneelectrofusion joints in pipeline systems.4.2 This practice
26、 uses sound waves to examine electrofusionjoints made of polyethylene in order to identify and sizeinternal fusion joint flaws with the intent to non-destructivelyassess overall joint quality.4.3 This practice has principles common to those found inPractice E114 where pulse-echo straight-beam contac
27、t testingis described.4.4 This practice recommends the use of properly fusedjoints as a reference aid to identify flaws.4.5 Examination results using this practice may be used incombination with acceptance criteria based on workmanship orfitness for purpose.5. Significance and Use5.1 This practice i
28、s intended primarily for the manualultrasonic scanning of electrofusion joints used in the construc-tion and maintenance of polyethylene piping systems.5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used instead of steel alloysin the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution, andmining industries due to its r
29、eliability and resistance tocorrosion and erosion.5.3 This practice is not intended to provide 100 % jointexamination. This practice specifies a minimum scanning gridthat represents only a portion of the welded interface. As such,there exists a possibility of omitting flaws. In addition, selectedare
30、as of the welded interface may not be accessible. The extentof examination shall be specified in the contractual agreement.5.4 The joining process can be subject to a variety of flawsincluding, but not limited to, lack of fusion, particulatecontamination, short-stab depth, inclusions, and voids.5.5
31、Polyethylene material can have a range of acousticcharacteristics that make electrofusion joint examination diffi-cult. Polyethylene materials are highly attenuative, which oftenlimits the use of higher ultrasonic frequencies. It also exhibitsa natural high frequency filtering effect. An example of
32、therange of acoustic characteristics is provided in Table 1.6The4Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd.,Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.5Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II
33、, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.6The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.TABLE 1 Polyethylene Velocity and AttenuationACompression ModeVelocitym/s in./sAttenuation at 2 MHzdB/mm dB/in.Attenuati
34、on at 5 MHzdB/mm dB/in.2100 to 26700.082 to 0.1050.6to1.515.2 to 381.1to2.327.9 to 58AA range of velocity and attenuation values have been noted in the literature (1-9).E3167/E3167M 182table notes the wide range of acoustic velocities reported in theliterature. This makes it essential that the refer
35、ence blocks aremade from pipes with the same Specification D3350 densitycell classification as the electrofusion fitting examined.5.6 Polyethylene is reported to have a shear velocity of987 m s. However, due to extremely high attenuation in shearmode (on the order of 5 dB mm 127 dB/inch at 2 MHz) no
36、practical examinations can be carried out using shear mode (6).5.7 Due to the wide range of applications, joint acceptancecriteria for polyethylene pipe are usually project-specific.5.8 A cross-sectional view of typical electrofusion jointsbetween polyethylene pipe and coupling and between pipe ands
37、addle are illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, respectively.6. Basis of Application6.1 The following items are subject to contractual agree-ment between the parties using or referencing this standard.6.2 Personnel QualificationIf specified in the contractualagreement, personnel performing examinations
38、to this standardshall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or interna-tionally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice orstandard such asANSI/ASNT-CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410,ISO 9712, or a similar document and certified by the employeror certifying agency, as applicable. The practice
39、 or standardused and its applicable revision shall be identified in thecontractual agreement between the using parties.6.3 Qualification of Nondestructive AgenciesIf specifiedin the contractual agreement, NDT agencies shall be qualifiedand evaluated as described in Specification E543. The appli-cabl
40、e edition of Specification E543 shall be specified in thecontractual agreement.6.4 Procedures and TechniquesThe procedures and tech-niques to be used shall be as specified in the contractualagreement. If required, performance demonstrations shall becarried out on electrofusion joints containing all
41、of the flawtypes (for example, lack of fusion, particulate contamination,short stab depth, etc.) that are required to be detected in thecontractual agreement.6.5 Surface PreparationThe pre-examination surfacepreparation shall be in accordance with Section 7 unlessotherwise specified.6.6 Timing of Ex
42、aminationThe timing of the examinationshall be in accordance with Section 7 unless otherwise speci-fied.6.7 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallinclude the surface grid area as defined in Section 7,asaminimum, unless otherwise specified in the contract.6.8 Reporting CriteriaReporting
43、 criteria for the examina-tion results shall be in accordance with Section 8 unlessotherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are not specifiedin this standard, they shall be specified in the contractualagreement.6.9 Re-examination of Repaired/Reworked ItemsRe-examination of repaired/reworked it
44、ems is not addressed in thisstandard and if required shall be specified in the contractualagreement.FIG. 1 Typical Cross-Sectional View of an Electrofusion Coupling JointE3167/E3167M 1837. Apparatus and Procedures7.1 Electronic Instruments and Search UnitsThe type ofinstrument(s) used for the examin
45、ations specified in Section 7shall conform to the applicable requirements of Practice E114.7.1.1 Search units shall produce pulses with a nominalcenter frequency in the range of 1 MHz to 10 MHz. The searchunit diameter and frequency should be selected such that thefusion interface lies in the far-fi
46、eld and the diameter shall beselected to allow multiple measurements over the fusioninterface as required by Section 7.6.NOTE 3In some cases, due to the fusion interface depth and thelimitation of available search units, the interface depth may occur in thenear-field. In such cases, sizing of indica
47、tions will be less reliable.NOTE 4For saddles, the fusion interface may be partially obstructedby the saddle outlet. The search unit diameter should be selected such thatit is smaller than the accessible fusion mat width. Multiple rows may bepossible with suitably sized searched units.7.1.2 Wedges o
48、f the hard-plastic variety shall be contouredto match the surface of the fitting when the gap between thesearch unit and the scanned surface exceeds 0.5 mm (0.02 in.).Table 2 provides recommendations on probe sizes to avoidsignificant gaps.7.2 Standardization Blocks:7.2.1 Reference Blocks for Standa
49、rdizationUltrasonic ref-erence blocks are used to standardize the ultrasonic equipment.Examples of reference block designs are provided in AnnexA1. The ultrasonic characteristics of the reference blocks, suchas attenuation, noise level, and sound velocity, shall be similarto the material to be examined per A1.2. Standardizationverifies that the instrument and search unit are performing asrequired and sets a sensitivity level. The temperature of thereference blocks shall be within 610C 618F of the surfaceof the electrofusion fittin
