1、Designation: F1780 18Standard Guide forEstimating Oil Spill Recovery System Effectiveness1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the key factors to consider in estimat-ing the effectiveness of containment and recovery systems thatmay be used to assist
3、 in the control of oil spills on water.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide the user withinformation on assessing the effective use of spill-cleanupequipment. It is intended for use by those involved in planningfor and responding to oil spills.1.3 Sections of this guide describe calculation p
4、roceduresfor estimating recovery system effectiveness. It should beunderstood that any such calculations cannot be expected topredict system performance, but are intended to provide acommon basis for comparing system performance.1.4 One of the main reasons that the calculation procedurescannot be us
5、ed to predict system performance is that theanalysis is sensitive to assumptions made on the properties ofthe oil slick, and particularly the changes in slick thickness andemulsification. It is emphasized that the purpose of this guideis not to provide a standard method for estimating slickproperty
6、changes, but rather to provide a standard guide forusing that information in comparing system performance.1.5 Consideration should be given to alternative means ofestimating response system effectiveness, such as Genwest2012.21.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other
7、units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by
8、 the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3F625 Practice for Classifying Water Bodies for Spill ControlSystemsF631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inControlled EnvironmentsF808 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Perform
9、ance Data inUncontrolled Environments (Withdrawn 1997)4F1523 Guide for Selection of Booms in Accordance WithWater Body Classifications3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 advancing skimmer, na skimmer that is designed tobe used to sweep out the spill area.3.1.1.1 DiscussionThe skimmer may be independ
10、ent ormay be attached to containment boom to increase sweep width.In some cases, the skimmer may not be attached to the boombut is positioned in the pocket of the boom for skimming. Aslong as the skimmer operates while moving, it is considered tobe an advancing skimmer. Some skimmers are used in bot
11、h anadvancing and stationary mode. These are classified accordingto their application.3.1.2 contained spills, na spill that is restricted fromspreading by containment boom or natural means.3.1.3 oil slick encounter rate, nthe volume of oil slick perunit time actively encountered by the oil spill rec
12、overy system,and therefore available for containment and recovery (m3/h).3.1.4 oil spill recovery system, na combination of devicesthat operate together to recover spilled oil; the system wouldinclude some or all of the following components: (1) contain-ment boom, (2) skimmer, (3) support vessels to
13、 deploy andoperate the boom and skimmer, (4) discharge/transfer pumps,(5) oil/water separator, (6) temporary storage devices, and (7)shore based storage/disposal.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on HazardousSubstances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility
14、of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published February 2019. Originallyapproved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F1780 97 (2010).DOI: 10.1520/F1780-18.2Genwest Systems, INC. 2012. EDRC Project Final Report. Prepared for Bureauof Safety and Enviro
15、nmental Enforcement. Sterling, VA.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4The last approved version
16、of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established
17、in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.1.5 recovery system effectiveness, nthe volume of oilthat is removed from the environment by a given recoverys
18、ystem in a given recovery period.3.1.6 recovery period, nthe time available for recoverysystems to carry out cleanup operations.3.1.7 response time, nthe time interval between the spillincident and the start of cleanup operations.3.1.8 stationary skimmer, na skimmer that is intended tobe used in a f
19、ixed location and is moved to new accumulationsof oil as skimming progresses.3.1.8.1 DiscussionSome stationary skimmers are used in acontainment boom system that moves to collect oil, thenpauses to permit the skimmer to recover the oil collected. Eventhough this system moves periodically, the skimme
20、r is stillranked as a stationary skimmer because it operates when thesystem is at rest.3.1.9 uncontained spill, na spill that continues to spreadafter the recovery effort begins.4. Summary of Guide4.1 In evaluating the effectiveness of containment andrecovery systems used in response to oil spills,
21、many factorsneed to be considered of which skimmer performance is butone. The objective of this guide is to describe a range of factorsthat must be considered in estimating recovery system effec-tiveness.4.2 In order to evaluate a recovery system, there are twogeneral types of information required,
22、a set of information todescribe the spill scenario against which the system will bemeasured, and a set of information to describe the performancecharacteristics of the recovery system.4.3 Information on the spill is required to adequately definethe problem and thereby provide a focus for the evaluat
23、ionprocess. The spill should be defined in sufficient detail as toallow an unambiguous interpretation of its behavior in terms ofthe operating parameters of the countermeasures system. Forcertain purposes it may be desirable to develop a set ofstandard spill scenarios against which response system e
24、ffec-tiveness would be measured in a quantifiable manner.4.4 The performance characteristics must be identified forthe recovery system and its various components. In general, theinformation requirements will include the rates or capacities, orboth, the operating limitations, and the support requirem
25、ents.4.5 This guide covers equipment-related factors that willaffect recovery-system effectiveness. Additional important fac-tors that are not covered in this guide but should be consideredas being critical to the success of a spill response include:contingency planning; communications plans; govern
26、ment ap-provals; logistics of supporting manpower and equipment inthe field; and training and exercising of manpower.5. Spill-related Information5.1 Spill Type:5.1.1 Response strategies will depend to some extent on thetype of spill. The spill scenario should be defined as to whetherit is an instant
27、aneous or continuous release, whether or not thespill has ceased flowing, and whether the spill is contained oruncontained.5.2 Oil Slick PropertiesThe following oil slick propertiesmust be specified for the spill scenario. As some of theseproperties may vary with time, it may be desirable to usecomp
28、uter-based behavior models to produce spill propertyinformation for the time period of interest. For certain appli-cations it may be useful to produce standard sets of spillproperty information that describe spills of interest as afunction of time.5.2.1 Spill VolumeThe total volume of oil spilled sh
29、ouldbe specified (m3). For spills that have not ceased, a spill rate(m3/h) should also be specified.5.2.2 Spill AreaThe total spill area must be estimated inorder to calculate estimates of slick thickness. For uncontainedspills, the total spill area will increase over time; estimates canbe made usin
30、g computer-based behavior models.Alternatively,a simplified spreading model (Fig. 1: example spreadingcurves) can be used for first-order estimates.5.2.3 Slick ThicknessSlick thickness is used in subsequentcalculations of system encounter rate. Slick thickness is de-fined as the overall average thic
31、kness of the slick, and isestimated by dividing the spill volume by the total spill area atany given time. For this calculation, spill volume should takeinto account losses from the slick due to evaporation andnatural dispersion, and increases to the slick volume due toemulsification. For uncontaine
32、d spills, natural spreading forceswill cause the slick thickness to decline steadily duringrecovery operations, and may result in a discontinuous slickcomposed of windows and patches separated by sheen or openwater, or both. These factors should be considered in estimat-ing an overall average slick
33、thickness.5.2.4 Slick ViscosityThe viscosity of the spilled product isused as a criteria to evaluate skimmer performance, as manyskimming and pumping units will perform less effectively asviscosity increases. The viscosity of the spilled product willgenerally increase through the recovery period as
34、the oil issubjected to weathering and emulsification processes. Theviscosity should be specified as mm2/s (cSt).FIG. 1 Total Slick Area versus TimeF1780 1825.2.5 EmulsificationEmulsification is important as a spillprocess not only for its effect on oil viscosity but also becausean emulsified oil rep
35、resents a greater total volume of spillproduct that must be handled by skimming and pumpingsystems. Many crude oils and refined products will tend toemulsify over the life of the spill depending on the propertiesof the oil and the level of wave energy in the spill environment.The degree of emulsific
36、ation should be specified as theemulsified water content expressed as a percentage.5.2.5.1 It is recognized that emulsification rates for oilspilled in the marine environment will vary greatly dependingon the oil properties, spill size, sea conditions, and temperature.As noted in 1.4, it is not the
37、intent of this guide to providestandard rates of emulsification for a variety of oil products andenvironmental conditions. For the purposes of comparingsystem performance, the data in Table 1 is provided as anexample of emulsification data for crude oil over a period ofseveral days. Users of this gu
38、ide are encouraged to usealternative data that suits their particular oils and environmen-tal conditions.5.3 Spill Environment:5.3.1 TemperatureWater temperature is important as aparameter for estimating oil slick properties as well as the rateof change of those properties due to weathering and emul
39、sifi-cation. (It is assumed that the temperature of the oil slick is thesame as the water on which the oil is floating.) Watertemperature is defined as the temperature of the upper surfacelayer and should be specified as C.5.3.1.1 Air temperature may be important as a parameter formodifying or limit
40、ing the performance of skimming andpumping equipment, and should be specified as C.5.3.2 Wind/WavesThe wind and wave environment isimportant to the analysis for two reasons; first, as a parameterin estimating the behavior changes of the oil slick, and second,as a limiting factor for recovery operati
41、ons. For the firstpurpose, average wind speeds (km/h) should be specified. Forthe purpose of establishing criteria for limiting recoveryoperations, exceedance statistics (significant wave height)should be specified for the spill location. Exceedance criteriashould be expressed as the percentage of t
42、ime that conditionswill allow recovery operations with reference to the equipmentselected for the response and the environmental criteria listedin Practice F625. For example, for spills in open water, waveexceedance data should be specified as the percentage of timethat waves are less than or equal
43、to 2 m, which would representthe percentage of time that equipment specified for open wateruse would be applicable.5.3.3 CurrentThe presence of water currents may influ-ence the selection of response strategies for a spill scenario,and may lead to a reduction in containment effectiveness incertain a
44、pplications. The water currents, in m/s, should bespecified for a given environment, with due regard to any localvariations.5.3.4 VisibilityDue to concerns with worker safety in poorvisibility, as well as the inefficiencies related to the monitoring,tracking, and containment of oil slicks during per
45、iods of poorvisibility, it is assumed in general that recovery operations areonly possible when there is daylight and visibility of greaterthan 500 m (0.25 n.miles). Both of these factors should beexpressed as the percentage of time that conditions exist thatwould allow effective operations.5.3.4.1
46、It may be possible to effectively operate duringperiods of darkness and poor visibility if the recovery systemincludes adequate lighting equipment, remote sensing systemsfor assisting monitoring and containment efforts, or highlyaccurate navigation systems, or combination thereof. This maybe particu
47、larly applicable to spills in nearshore and protectedwaters. In such cases a more liberal criteria for visibilitylimitations could be specified.5.3.5 Summary of Environmental Applicability FactorsThe wave exceedance, daylight, and visibility factors can becombined to produce an overall applicability
48、 factor that wouldrepresent the percentage of time that a given recovery systemcould be effectively used for a given spill scenario. Forexample, for an environment that has waves less than 2 m for80 % of the time, receives 14 h of daylight, and has visibilitygreater than 500 m for 95 % of the time (
49、note: all figuresshould be specified for the time of year of interest), theenvironmental applicability would be estimated as:(0.80) (1424) (0.95) = 44 %.5.4 Spill Location:5.4.1 Spill location should be specified with respect todistance of response bases, in order to estimate transit times forthe recovery systems, and with respect to shoreline, in order toestimate the time available to respond prior to shoreline oiling.Spill location may also be of importance when evaluatingrecovery systems that include the shuttling of recovered oilbetween the recovery
