1、Designation: F2709 15F2709 18Standard Test Method forDetermining a Measured Nameplate Recovery Rate ofStationary Oil Skimmer Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method defines a method and measurement criteria to quantify the performance of a stati
3、onary skimmer in idealconditions in support of a devices nameplate recovery rate (capacity). If a determination of a skimmers capabilities in realisticconditions (that is, advancing or waves) is required, testing should be performed according to Guide F631 or equivalent.1.2 This test method includes
4、 the option of testing to determine recovery efficiency.1.3 This test method and parameters are intended to provide ideal recovery conditions allowing the skimmer system to operateand collect oil at its maximum possible recovery rate. Given ideal conditions, inherent mechanical and physical attribut
5、es of thesystem become the limiting factors.1.4 This test method is intended to identify limitations of the skimmer system, such as performance of the skimmingmechanism, the flow of oil within the skimmer and sump, the pump characteristics, and typical discharge head conditions.1.5 It is accepted th
6、at the measured nameplate recovery rate as determined by this test method will not likely be achievableunder actual conditions of a spill. The measured nameplate recovery rate should be used in conjunction with a de-rating factor toaccount for such issues as changing encounter rate, changes in other
7、 recovery conditions, changes in oil properties and slickthickness, number of daylight hours, operator downtime, less than ideal control of skimmer settings, and inclement weather.1.6 This test method involves the use of specific test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the respon
8、sibilityof the user of this test method to procure and abide by necessary permits and regulations for the use and disposal of test oil.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to a
9、ddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international stan
10、dard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Refe
11、renced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against Water by the Ring MethodD1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products byHydrometer MethodD2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of A
12、utomatic Transmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants usinga Rotational ViscometerD4007 Test Method for Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)F631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Controlled Environments1 This test method is under the
13、 jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeF20.12 on Removal.Current edition approved July 1, 2015Nov. 1, 2018. Published November 2015February 2019. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in
14、 20082015as F270908.15. DOI: 10.1520/F2709-15.10.1520/F2709-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM websit
15、e.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior e
16、ditions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 fluid reco
17、very ratethe volume of fluid recovered by the device per unit of time (m3/h).3.1.2 ideal conditionsoperating conditions that result in the maximum nameplate recovery rate of a skimming system withinthe limitations of the test method.3.1.3 measured nameplate recovery ratethe maximum rate at which the
18、 skimmer system can recover and process oil underideal conditions.3.1.4 nameplate recovery ratethe maximum skimming capacity of a device as stated by the manufacturer.3.1.5 oleophilicoil skimmers that use collection surfaces for recovery, for example, disc, brush, drum, belt, mop, and so forth.3.1.6
19、 oil recovery ratethe volume of oil recovered by the device per unit of time (m3/h).3.1.7 preload volumethe total volume of oil within the defined test area. When pertaining to this test method, typicallycomprised of the volume necessary to create a 75 mm thick oil slick in the defined test area plu
20、s any additional oil for use duringstartup.3.1.8 recovery effciencythe ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the volume of oil recovered to the total volume of fluidsrecovered.3.1.9 skimmer systema skimmer and ancillary equipment, including power supply, hydraulic lines, discharge pump,suction/discha
21、rge hoses, and control apparatus.4. Significance and Use4.1 It has been industry practice to claim the capacity of a skimmer based on the rate of the discharge pump (which are typicallyrated using water as a test fluid) or other arbitrary methods.4.2 End users need a test methodology that evaluates
22、optimum performance data for planning and selection of equipment.4.3 This test method will assist producers and other stakeholders to verify and accurately report skimmer system performance.4.4 This test method is specifically designed to quantify two key skimmer performance values, to reduce testin
23、g costs, and toencourage industry wide performance standardization.4.5 This test method establishes test conditions that will result in a measured nameplate recovery rate and an indication of thecombination of test parameters (oil type, viscosity, operating speed) that result in the highest average
24、performance for the testedskimmer system.4.6 This test method will validate the performance of the discharge pump in the skimmer system, under conditions that aretypical of a recovery operation. Specifically, this will include a modest imposed head pressure composed of static head anddynamic frictio
25、n losses due to a specified length of discharge hose.4.7 This test method encourages performance testing using two or more oils for comparison purposes.4.8 Tests shall be conducted under well-documented conditions and generate repeatable results. More detailed testing andcollection of skimmer perfor
26、mance is covered under existing standards (for example, Guide F631).4.9 Testing (SL Ross 2007)3 has shown that, when water is present, recovery performance in slick thicknesses ranging from 50mm to 75 mm results in values comparable to significantly thicker slicks. This may not be the case with high
27、-rate skimmers inviscous oil, where the rate of oil recovery exceeds the rate at which the slick will flow to the skimmer mechanism.4.10 For skimming systems that include various options for the discharge pump, the test described in this test method may beused to measure the performance of the skimm
28、ing component of the system. Performance of the pumping component can bemeasured independently using the same viscosity of oil and the discharge head conditions noted in this test method. The measurednameplate recovery rate of any specified skimming component and pump combination would be the lesser
29、 of the skimmingcomponent and the pump.5. Test Facilities5.1 The minimum lateral dimensions of the test tank shall be three times the length and width of the skimmer device, that is,if the skimmer has a dimension of 1 by 11.5 m, the test area shall be 3 by 34.5 m. If the test is conducted without th
30、e presenceof water, the tank may be smaller; however, the skimmer must float freely and be clear of the tank walls throughout the test period.The tank depth shall accommodate the skimmer without grounding during the test.5.2 Test oils shall be identified by industry-accepted name and are recommended
31、 to fall within the five categories defined inGuide F631.3 S. L. Ross Environmental Research Ltd., Skimmer Tests at the Ohmsett Facility to Validate a Standard Test Protocol for Nameplate Recovery Rate, Minerals ManagementService, Herndon, VA, 2007 .F2709 1825.3 It is recommended the skimmer system
32、be tested in two or more oil types for comparison purposes.5.4 The oils used for testing will be characterized from samples taken at the start of a test period or when oil is replenished froma new source. A test oil log shall be generated and will indicate test oil type, sample number, temperature,
33、and test date.5.5 The following tests are to be conducted on oils: viscosity (Test Method D2983), bottom solids and water (Test MethodD4007), specific gravity (Test Method D1298), surface, and interfacial tension (Test Method D971). Viscosity may also beestablished using a published temperature/visc
34、osity chart for the test oil. Viscosity shall be reported for the temperature at whichthe test is performed.5.6 Manual temperature measurements of the test oil (and water, if applicable) will be taken in or near the skimmer sump withan accuracy of61C. Note that if testing outdoors, solar effects may
35、 significantly increase surface oil temperature. If steam or heatis introduced into the skimmer system as part of its design, additional measurements are to be taken before such heating to gaugethe properties of the oil accurately.5.7 Ambient air test temperature shall be recorded.5.8 Record water s
36、alinity if applicable.5.9 The skimmer shall be tethered but must float freely for the duration of the test.5.10 Multiple tanks are required for recovered product for subsequent volume measurements (minimum of two). One tank isnecessary to receive fluid during startup/purge and a second for the stead
37、y state recovery period.Additionally, a means of directingflow from the startup/purge tank to a collection tank is necessary while operating. A suggested method is to use a manifoldequipped with diversion valves (caution should be taken not to deadhead the discharge flow).5.11 Tanks are required for
38、 recovered product for subsequent volume measurements. The collection tanks shall be elevatedabove the test oil surface to accommodate a required static head on the skimmer system equal to 3.5 m of fluid. Alternatively, arestriction may be imposed within the discharge hose to mimic the desired stati
39、c and dynamic head at the pump discharge atexpected flow rates.5.12 For skimmers that do not include a discharge pump, the recovery rate shall be measured as oil accumulates in theskimmers sump.5.13 When applicable, hydraulic pressure and flow measurements shall be made during the tests. Pressure an
40、d flow values shallnot exceed manufacturer recommendations.6. Skimmer System Set-up6.1 General:6.1.1 The skimmer components shall be fully documented. This shall include: dimensions, draft and freeboard, weight,specifications of skimmer, hydraulic power unit, discharge pump and hoses, and so forth.
41、Components other than those providedby the manufacturer and necessary to assemble a functional skimmer system shall be reported.6.1.2 The skimmer shall be deployed in the center of the test area and tethered, but allowed to float freely.6.1.3 If a discharge pump is offered by the manufacturer as par
42、t of the system, the normal commercially offered pump shall beused in this test. It may be installed in the skimmer head or remotely but shall be configured as designed.6.1.4 The manufacturer supplied power supply, hydraulic lines, control apparatus, and accessories shall be used to operate theskimm
43、er.6.1.5 Control lines, hydraulic lines, and discharge hoses should not interfere with the normal operation of the skimmer. Routehydraulic and discharge hoses to minimize effect on skimmer freeboard.6.1.6 The pump and power supply shall be operated within its normal operating range or duty point for
44、 the system.6.1.7 When applicable, the operational speed of the recovery device shall be recorded, that is, rotational speed of drum or disc,or lineal speed of mop or brush. Various means may be employed, for example, mechanical or manual counters, measuringhydraulic flow correlated to rotational sp
45、eed and so forth, but must be validated as part of each test series.6.1.8 Test oil is transferred from supply to the test area for establishing the initial preload volume slick thickness when wateris present.6.1.9 The skimming system will be equipped with a discharge hose 15 m long and of the manufa
46、cturer intended diameter. Thedischarge hose shall be routed to a collection tank. The end of the discharge hose opening shall be elevated 3.5 m above the testoil surface unless the head is simulated as described in 5.10.6.2 Testing with Oil Only:6.2.1 The volume of oil preloaded into the test tank s
47、hall be sufficient for the skimmer to remain free-floating throughout thetest.6.2.2 The collection tank shall be calibrated to accurately quantify the volume of fluid collected. Measurement accuracy shallbe determined and documented.6.3 Testing in Oil with Water Present:F2709 1836.3.1 The test tank
48、shall be preloaded with fresh or salt water to a sufficient depth for the skimmer to remain free-floatingthroughout the test.6.3.2 The test tank shall be preloaded with more than 75 mm of test oil. Note to testeradditional oil may be tester: additionaloil is added to the preload volume to allow for
49、adjustments, operational speed measurements, system start up, operational speedadjustments, purge of system holdup, and to achieve steady state recovery prior to the collection period. The additional volumeshall be at least sufficient to displace the holdup volume in the discharge hose and holdup within the skimmer reservoir.6.3.3 An accurate means of determining oil slick thickness while the oil slick thickness is declining is required. Typical meansof accomplishing include manual soundings from tank edge to oil surface or using a submerged translucent tube (site
