1、Designation: F3027 13F3027 18Standard Guide forTraining of Personnel Operating in Mountainous Terrain(Mountain Endorsement)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3027; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision,
2、the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities,
3、 for search andrescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions found inmountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a negative impact on human physiology.1.3 Specifica
4、lly, Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normalduties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain.1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities toperform any
5、specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fullycollapsed structures, in- or on-water, in confined spaces, underground (such as i
6、n caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an alpineenvironment.1.6 Type I-IV teams (as defined inAMountain-Endorsed individual may be a F1993) which may utilize personnel trained to thisguide are Kind A (wilderness), Kind B (urban),member of a Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as define
7、din Guide F1993and Kind C (mountainous), Kind D (disaster/collapse), Kind E (inland water), Kind G (cave), Kind H (mine), KindI (avalanche), Kind J (evidence/cadaver), Kind K (aircraft), and/or Kind L (unclassified)1.7 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified super
8、vision, as deemed appropriate bythe Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmen
9、tal practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guide
10、s and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F1773 Terminology Relating to Climbing, Mountaineering, Search and Rescue Equipment and PracticesF1993 Classification System of Human Land Search and Res
11、cue ResourcesF2209 Guide for Training of Land Search Team MemberF2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1) Rescuer EndorsementF3068 Guide for Contents and Use of a Position Task Book (PTB)F3222 Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Rescue Standards and Guides1 This test method is un
12、der the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F32 on Search and Rescue and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F32.03 on Personnel, Trainingand Education.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2018. Published October 2013December 2018. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition appro
13、ved in 2013 asF302713. DOI: 10.1520/F3027-13.10.1520/F3027-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website
14、.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior ed
15、itions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12.2 Other References:National Wildfire Coordina
16、ting Group (NWCG) publication PMS 304-2, “Fitness and Work Capacity”“Mountaineering: The Freedom of the Hills,” 8th ed.ed., Ronald C. Eng and Julie Van Pelt, eds.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 alpine environment, nmountainous terrain, typically above tree line
17、, where the ability to negotiate routes rated Class253 is required and where travel is further affected by any combination of altitude, extreme weather, extensive exposure tosnow/ice obstacles, avalanche risk, and crevasses. In general, the alpine environment includes all mountainous terrain above 3
18、,500meters.3.1.1 alpine ice axe, nas defined by the UIAA (Union Internationale Des Associations DAlpinisme), a Type B ice tool (theUIAABasic type) with lower strength, for use in general circumstances, as on glacier for snow hiking, for ski mountaineering, etc.,and which meets the requirements of UI
19、AA 152 or CE EN 13089:2011.3.1.3 exposure, nthe degree to which a person is exposed on a high, sheer, and unsheltered rock face.3.1.4 mountainous terrain, na tract of land characterized by steep slopes and great variations in elevation, where the abilityto negotiate routes rated Class 244, and occas
20、ionally Class 55, is required, and where travel is limited by steep to vertical rock,steep forested or brush-covered terrain, talus slopes, boulder fields, and occasional snow and/or ice obstacles.3.1.5 qualified supervisor, nan individual with demonstrated knowledge or competence in a task, to whom
21、 the AHJ hasgranted the authority to observe and oversee an individual performing that task.3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this guide, see Terminology F1773, Terminology F3222, and Guides F1993, F2209,and F2752.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for trai
22、ning of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.4.1.1 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, andabilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in mountainous terrain.4.1.2 Every per
23、son who is identified as Mountain Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.4.1.3 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefix “Mountain Endorsed”) to theircurrent training levels.4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abili
24、ties required for a person to operate in mountainousterrain as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.4.3 Mountain Endorsement only indicates that personnel are qualified to operate safely and effectively in mountainous terrainin their normal area of operations.4.3.1 AMount
25、ain Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to makemission-critical decisions.4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsedindividual, and may be used to assist in the
26、development of a training document or program.4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for trainingindividuals to operate in the mountainous environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training programto see
27、 if it meets the requirements in this guide.4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not representa training sequence.4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with otherASTM Standards to identify the knowledge, sk
28、ills, and abilitiesneeded to conduct search and/or rescue in the mountainous environment.4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards, it does not imply that a Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsedindividual is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed member of an organizatio
29、n.4.8.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its team member ratings.4.8.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.4.9 A Mountain-Endorsed individual shall document his or her training by completion of a
30、 position task book, compliant withGuide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.4.10 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall document training by completion of a position task book, or by field demonstrationunder qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must b
31、e demonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall bedemonstrated for initial qualification, and as often as required by the AHJ.F3027 1825. General Knowledge5.1 TheAHJ shall verify that a Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed person possesses both attitude and aptitude for workingin mountainous terrain
32、:5.1.1 The individual must demonstrate the ability to function effectively in highly exposed locations, at altitude, in theconditions normal to that terrain;5.1.2 The individual must demonstrate the ability to move safely and effectively anywhere in that terrain.5.2 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endors
33、ed individuals shall demonstrate knowledge of the following:5.2.1 The differences between wilderness travel and mountain travel.5.2.2 Human functional and survival needs in cold, windy, and wet environments, including:5.2.2.1 Clothing (suitable for all four seasons);5.2.2.2 Shelter, both emergency a
34、nd extended stay;5.2.2.3 Nutrition;5.2.2.4 Hydration;5.2.2.5 Hygiene;5.2.2.6 Sanitation;5.2.2.7 Individual and team safety issues specific to operating in mountainous terrain.5.2.3 Medical conditions such as:5.2.3.1 Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS);5.2.3.2 High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE);5.2.3.3 H
35、igh Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE);5.2.3.4 Hypothermia;5.2.3.5 Snow blindness;5.2.3.6 Frostbite.5.2.4 Risks and hazards specific to mountainous terrain, and methods for avoiding or mitigating them. Such risks and hazardsinclude:5.2.4.1 Personal fall;5.2.4.2 Rock fall;5.2.4.3 Severe and rapidly chang
36、ing weather;5.2.4.4 Avalanches if avalanches occur within the normal response area;5.2.4.5 Rapidly rising water and flash floods.5.3 If avalanches occur within the normal response area, or if required by the AHJ, Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsedindividuals shall have, at a minimum, American Insti
37、tute for Avalanche Research and Education (AIARE) Level 1, National SkiPatrol (NSP) Level 1, American Avalanche Association (AAA) Level 1, or equivalent avalanche safety and rescue training.6. Skills and Abilities Specific to Mountainous Terrain6.1 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals sha
38、ll possess and carry sufficient Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)and gear to function effectively in mountainous terrain while maintaining personal safety. This PPE and gear shall include, at aminimum, the following:6.1.1 Head protection (helmet);6.1.2 Hand protection (gloves);6.1.3 Eye protection
39、 (glasses/goggles/shield);6.1.4 Sufficient clothing, appropriate to the environment and terrain;6.1.5 Seat harness;6.1.6 Slings/lanyards (for personal use);6.1.7 Ascending equipment;6.1.8 Connectors/carabiners;6.1.9 Descending equipment;6.1.10 Head lamp;6.1.11 Alpine ice axe, if needed, required by
40、the AHJ, appropriate for terrain in the normal area of operations;6.1.12 Crampons, if needed, required by the AHJ, appropriate for terrain in the normal area of operations;6.1.13 Avalanche transceiver, probe, and shovel, if avalanches occur within the normal area of operations, or if required by the
41、AHJ.6.2 Each piece of PPE or gear listed in 6.1 shall be certified under a national, or international, life safety standard, if one exists,from an organization such as UIAA, CEN, ASTM, CI, or NFPA.6.3 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall be equipped to survive in the field for up to
42、 48 hours.F3027 1836.4 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate the ability to survive and function effectively as partof a self-sustained team, in mountainous terrain, for a minimum of 48 hours, under field supervision.6.5 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals sha
43、ll demonstrate proficiency in the following:6.5.1 Performance of an overnight bivouac in mountainous terrain in winter in the normal area of operations;6.5.2 Winter survival skills, including the ability to construct an improvised shelter;6.5.3 Awareness of dangerous wildlife found in mountainous te
44、rrain;6.5.4 Understanding of lightning detection, avoidance, and risk reduction techniques;6.5.5 Safely traversing water hazards;6.5.6 Basic swiftwater survival techniques;6.5.7 Basic mountain weather prediction;6.5.8 Traveling in mountainous terrain at night;6.5.9 Traveling in mountainous terrain d
45、uring adverse weather conditions;6.5.10 Self-rescue techniques.6.6 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate annually the ability to safely lead an ascent of a Class43 route.6.7 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate an understanding of the concepts
46、 of mission-specificpacking for individual operations, and for effective team operations and travel, in mountainous terrain. Examples of this conceptinclude reducing pack loads, sharing gear, and sharing loads among team members.6.8 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate a
47、n understanding of helicopter operations inmountainous terrain, including:6.8.1 Safety around helicopters on sloping ground;6.8.2 Traveling in helicopters, including passenger entry, equipment stowage, passenger seating, and exit skills;6.8.3 Passenger actions in the event of an emergency;6.8.4 Comp
48、letion of the Department of Interior, Office ofAviation Management (DOI OAM), CourseA101Aviation Safety, orequivalent training, is recommended;6.8.5 Ability to identify a safe and functional helicopter Landing Zone (LZ) in mountainous terrain;6.8.6 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals sha
49、ll demonstrate annually that they meet the requirements of theArduous Work Capacity fitness level defined in the National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) publication PMS 304-2,“Fitness and Work Capacity,” or equivalent.6.9 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate annually that they meet the requirements of a medicalfitness standard selected by the AHJ.7. Search and Rescue Skills and Abilities Specific to Mountainous Terrain7.1 Mountain Endorsed Mountain-Endorsed individuals shall demonstrate the ability to perform a thorough risk assessmentbef
