1、Designation: F3146 18Standard Test Method forImpact Attenuation of Turf Playing Systems Designated forRugby1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3146; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard establishes a test method to be used whentesting a synthetic turf fields impact attenuation property forasse
3、ssing its suitability for rugby.1.2 The surface being tested will be located indoors oroutdoors and typically includes the entire surface, both withinthe boundary lines of the playing area and outside of it. Wherenon-turf surfaces exist within these areas, they shall beexcluded from the scope of thi
4、s standard, unless they arecovered either permanently or temporarily with synthetic turf.1.3 It is acceptable to use this test method, whereappropriate, as a test method for laboratory based testing ofsynthetic turf surfaces.1.4 The definition of a minimum performance requirementfor this test method
5、 is outside of the scope of this standard.Where reference is made to a minimum requirement this isintended for demonstration and clarification purposes only.1.5 This test method establishes a method of reporting testresults.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. Where value
6、s are given in parenthesis they aremathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are pro-vided for information purposes only and are not consideredstandard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use
7、r of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in
8、the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2F355 Test Method for ImpactAttenuation of Playing SurfaceSystems, Other P
9、rotective Sport Systems, and MaterialsUsed for Athletics, Recreation and PlayF2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of SportsSurfaces and Equipment2.2 World Rugby Documents:3Regulation 22 Standard Relating to the Use of Rugby TurfWorld Rugbys Artificial Turf Performance Specification3. Termino
10、logy3.1 Except as noted, definitions in this standard are inaccordance with terms defined in Terminology F2650.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 synthetic turf system, na synthetic surface intendedfor use in sport consisting of varying elements including butnot limited to a stitched or woven carpet, stabilizing
11、 infill,performance infill and a shock absorbing sub-material.3.2.2 critical fall height (CFH), na measure of the impactattenuation performance of a surface; defined as the highesttheoretical drop height from which a surface is estimated tomeet the impact attenuation performance criterion specified.
12、3.2.3 critical time value, nt2t1where t1and t2are theinitial and final times (in seconds) of the interval during whichHIC attains maximum value.3.2.4 drop height test, nthe combined drop test(s) per-formed at one specific drop height (see Fig. 1).3.2.5 drop test, nan individual drop of the E missile
13、 (asdefined in Test Method F355) at a test point, where the drop hasbeen performed and recorded in accordance with prescribedmethodology (see Fig. 1).3.2.6 head injury criterion (HIC), nweighted impulsecriterion calculated from a head impact acceleration-timeprofile and used to quantify head impact
14、severity. The HIC1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on SportsEquipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F08.65 on Artificial Turf Surfaces and Systems.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2018. Published November 2018. DOI:1
15、0.1520/F3146-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from World Rugby, https:/www.world
16、rugby.org/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopme
17、nt of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1calculation results in a severity index that is weighted by bothimpact acceleration magnitude and by the time for which highmagnitude accelerations persist.3.
18、2.6.1 DiscussionHIC scores can only be directly refer-enced to the head injury risk data on which the criterion isbased if the impact acceleration-time profile is recorded usinga human head or a biofidelic head form. HIC scores determinedusing rigid missiles and head forms tend to overestimate headi
19、njury risk.3.2.7 head form, nmissile with mass and geometry ap-proximating those of the human head.3.2.8 impact, ncontact caused by a moving object (forexample, an impact test missile) striking another object (forexample, a surface) and during which one or both bodies aresubject to high acceleration
20、s.3.2.9 impact attenuation, nreduction of loads producedduring an impact by means of a cushioning system or device,relative to a load criterion or to the loads produced by areference system.3.2.9.1 DiscussionLoad measures used to quantify impactmagnitude include force, acceleration, stress and press
21、ure andtheir time derivatives.3.2.10 impact attenuation performance criterion, ntheHIC value at which CFH is being estimated.3.2.10.1 DiscussionWorld Rugby currently use a value of1000 HIC as the impact attenuation performance criterion,however an alternative value can be used at the discretion ofth
22、e user of the results.3.2.11 impact centre, nthe location on the surface wherethe hemispherical impactor strikes at initial impact.3.2.12 impact velocity, nthe velocity (V0) of the impactorat the instant of impact.3.2.13 impact test system, na device or system for per-forming an impact test in which
23、 an instrumented missile asdescribed in Annex A1 and Annex A2 of Test Method F355 isused to impact the surface or surfacing materials as specified inthe appropriate specification or test procedure.3.2.14 infill depth, na measure of the depth of the infill(s)used in the system from the top of the car
24、pet backing to the topsurface of the infill.3.2.15 initial impact, nthe instance where the accelerationof the impactor begins to decelerate due to contact with thesurface.3.2.16 representative HIC, nthe maximum HIC valuecalculated from the drops performed at a given drop height.3.2.17 synthetic turf
25、 system, na composite of syntheticcontact surface material, any fill material used in the contactsurface, energy absorbing material, fabric layers, adhesives, ifany, and other constructed layers (as applicable to the indi-vidual system).3.2.18 test point, na location on the turf playing system atwhi
26、ch a series of measurements is taken (see Fig. 1).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Impact attenuation is calculated by dropping an impac-tor of known mass and dimensions onto the surface from fourdifferent drop heights and the HIC value for each drop heightcalculated.4.2 Regression analysis is used to d
27、efine the relationshipbetween measured drop heights and corresponding character-istic HIC values.4.3 The regression equation resulting from the analysisdescribed in 4.2 is used to estimate the drop height thatcorresponds to a representative HIC value equal to an estab-lished criterion. This value is
28、 the Critical Fall Height (CFH).CFH values are compared to an established criterion todetermine if a fields performance is acceptable.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is to be used to measure the impactattenuation of synthetic turf rugby fields and to estimate theCFH performance.NOTE 1The
29、 number of drop tests per drop height test will depend on the procedure being used but will be either 3 (Procedure A) or 1 (ProcedureB).FIG. 1 Drop Height Tests, Drop Tests, and Test PointsF3146 1825.2 It is acceptable for this test method to be specified foruse by other organizations, specifiers, o
30、r facility owners whereit is deemed appropriate.6. Apparatus6.1 The impact test system used must be appropriate for thelevels of performance expected.7. Hazards7.1 Any person using this test method needs to take appro-priate measures to ensure that the dropping mass does not poseany additional risk
31、to any person during testing. This should bedone through the wearing of appropriate footwear, headgearand any other PPE.8. Procedure8.1 Record the infill depth at a representative place withinthe test point area using an infill depth gauge or probe capableof measuring to the nearest 1 mm. Make three
32、 measurements ateach test point, within or immediately adjacent to the footprintof the test apparatus; calculate and report the average.8.2 Set up the impact test system and prepare it for use inaccordance with the manufacturers instructions.8.3 Drop the E Missile on the surface ensuring that there
33、areno obstructions between the release point and the point ofimpact.8.4 Repeat the number of drops as required. This willdepend on which procedure (see 8.13) is being used.8.5 Four different drop heights must be used for each testlocation.8.6 The same test point must be used for each drop at agiven
34、drop height. A new test point must be selected for eachdrop height test.8.7 Drop heights used must ensure that:8.7.1 The lowest and highest drop height are not more than1000 mm apart.8.7.2 There is at a minimum 6150 mm between all indi-vidual drop heights.8.8 There must be no characteristic HIC valu
35、es within 625HIC of the impact attenuation performance criterion.8.9 The impact centres for a given drop height test must beat least 200 mm from the impact centre of any other dropheight test, in instances where there is significant displacementof infill, this needs to be increased at the operators
36、discretion.8.10 All impact centres for a given test location must bewithin a square area of side 1000 mm.8.11 No impact centre can be less than 150 mm from theedge of the surface.8.12 The drop height must be measured using a means ofrepeatably determining the missiles drop height with a reso-lution
37、of 25 mm and to an accuracy of 61 % of the true valueis required.8.12.1 For a free-fall impact test, the drop height shall bemeasured directly, prior to release of the missile, using ameasuring stick, a steel tape or other appropriate means wherepossible.An indirect means of determining the theoreti
38、cal dropheight may also be used. Such indirect means are the velocitymeasuring system via both:8.12.1.1 A means of measuring the impact velocity with anaccuracy of 1m/s, and8.12.1.2 A means of measuring the time interval betweenrelease of the missile and the onset of impact (the fall time), inwhich
39、case the time interval shall be determined with aresolution and accuracy of 1.0 ms. Both the measured dropheight and the theoretical drop height shall be reported.8.12.2 The two measurements above must agree within 61% for the values to be valid.8.12.3 For a guided impact test, the theoretical drop
40、heightmust be determined by measuring the velocity of the missileimmediately prior to the onset of an impact; at a point in themissiles trajectory no more than 51 mm above the first pointof contact between the missile and the surface under test. Thevelocity measuring system may consist of a light ga
41、te device tomeasure the time an opaque flag interrupts a light sensor orother appropriate means. The velocity measuring device shallnot interfere with or impede the trajectory of the missile andshall be capable of recording impact velocity with a resolutionof 0.03 m/s and an accuracy of 61 % of the
42、true value.8.12.4 Since theoretical drop height is proportional to thesquare of impact velocity, the 62 % tolerance on drop heightmeasurement and the 61 % tolerance on velocity measurementare equivalent. For a typical flag and light gate velocimeter toachieve 61 % accuracy, the flag width must be kn
43、own to anaccuracy of 60.5 % and the transit time measured with anaccuracy of 620 s (that is, a timing device with a clock rateof at least 50 kHZ is required).8.13 There are two procedures only to be used in determin-ing the characteristic HIC value:8.13.1 Procedure A must be used for laboratory test
44、ing. Forfield testing, Procedure A can be used in all scenarios.Procedure B is only acceptable for use for field testing and onlywhere minimum performance requirement is provided. If thisminimum performance requirement is not provided then Pro-cedure B must not be used and only Procedure A must be u
45、sed.It is not permitted to alternate between Procedures for dropheight tests on an individual location.8.13.2 Procedure B is not intended to provide equivalentresults with Procedure A, it is to be used as a separate test andmust have a separate minimum requirement level associatedwith it. This level
46、 should be chosen so that passing when testedto Procedure B is unlikely to result in the surface failing iftested to Procedure A. If there is any doubt regarding theperformance of the surface then Procedure A shall provide thedefining result.8.13.3 Procedure APerform three drops of the missilefrom t
47、he same height onto the same test point on the surface sothat the impact centres for the three drops are as close aspossible to each other.8.13.3.1 Calculate the HIC for each individual impact usingthe formula detailed in Test Method F355, this has beenreferenced here for information purpose only:F3
48、146 183HIC 5HF1t22 t1*t1t2at!dtG2.5t22 t1!Jmax(1)Where t1and t2are the initial and final times (in seconds) ofthe interval during which HIC attains maximum value, andacceleration a is measured in terms of g.8.13.3.2 If t1t23 ms then the impact will be consideredinvalid and the test will be restarted
49、 for that drop height on anarea which has had no previous testing completed on it for thatlocation, if no tests can be performed where t2t1 3 ms thenthe location must be reported as being unable to meet anyrequirement in place.8.13.3.3 Use the largest HIC value of the three calculated asthe characteristic HIC value for that drop height.8.13.3.4 The drop height (in meters) and the three HICvalues calculated must be recorded.8.13.4 Procedure BPerform one drop of the head formfrom the drop height onto a point on the surface.8.13.4.1 Calculate the
