1、Designation: F3297 19Standard Practice forCorrections Application for Non-Lethal Electric SecurityFences1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3297; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide advice for theselection and use of non-lethal electric security fences to deter,de
3、tect, and delay an unauthorized breach of the perimeter.1.2 The intended applications of this practice are detentionand correctional facilities.1.3 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas the standard. No other units of measurement are included inthis standard. The tolerance on physi
4、cal dimensions is 610 %unless otherwise specified.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the ap
5、plicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued b
6、y the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 BSI Standard:2BS EN 60335-2-76 Household and similar electrical appli-ances Safety Part 2-76: Particular requirements forelectric fence energizers2.2 IEC Standards:3IEC 60335-1 Household and similar
7、electrical appli-ances Safety Part 1: General requirementsIEC 60335-2-76 Household and similar electrical appli-ances Safety Part 2-76: Particular requirements forelectric fence energizers2.3 NFPA Standard:4NFPA 70 National Electrical Code2.4 UL Standard:5UL 69 Standard for Electric-Fence Controller
8、s3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 electric fence energizer, nelectrical device that isused to convert continuous power to a short-duration pulseusing a fast-discharge electrical storage unit; it is also known asa controller.3.1.2 electric security fence zone, npredetermined sectionof the fence li
9、ne that is monitored separately from other sectionof the fence line.3.1.3 gripple, nwire torque-tensioning device that incor-porates a ceramic roller as the main tension ratchet part.3.1.4 pulse, nburst of electricity for a short period of timeon a regular interval as opposed to continuous power.3.1
10、.5 pulse rate, nnumber of pulses per second.3.1.6 security alarm panel, ndevice that detects a drop inthe power of the pulse and, based on a specific algorithm,initiates an alarm.4. Significance and Use4.1 Electric security fences, in view of their high-deterrentimpact, are a safe method to reduce s
11、ecurity costs or enhanceexisting security. They have broad applications for situations inwhich both minimum or maximum security are needed. Theyare deployed in a wide variety of environments and geogra-phies. In particular, electric security fences are used to decreasethe need for security guards an
12、d other security systems.4.2 This practice provides information to users and manu-facturers of electric security fences, filling a void.4.3 International standards exist at IEC and BSI (see Section2) that cover some aspects of these systems.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
13、F33 on Detentionand Correctional Facilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F33.06on Control Systems.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2019. Published January 2019. DOI: 10.1520/F3297-19.2Available from British Standards Institution (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd.,London W4 4AL, U.K., h
14、ttp:/.3Available from International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 3, rue deVaremb, 1st Floor, P.O. Box 131, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iec.ch.4Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http:/www.nfpa.org.5Available fro
15、m Underwriters Laboratories (UL), 2600 N.W. Lake Rd., Camas,WA 98607-8542, http:/.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on sta
16、ndardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14.4 A standard issued by Underwriters Laboratories (UL)(UL 69) covers electric fence co
17、ntrollers to be used on lightingor line circuits in accordance with NFPA 70. However, UL 69covers, specifically, electric fence controllers used only for thecontrol of animals. Its requirements cover portable and perma-nently mounted electric fence controllers with peak-dischargeor sinusoidal-discha
18、rge output for indoor or outdoor use,including battery operated controllers intended to operate frombattery circuits of 42.4 V or less, line-operated controllersintended to operate from circuits of 125 V or less, combinationcontrollers intended to operate from either a battery or a linecircuit, and
19、photovoltaic module battery operated controllers.The scope states that the requirements of UL 69 do not coverelectric fence controllers for the continuous (uninterrupted)current type or intermediate equipment, such as a converter, arectifier, or the like, that is sometimes used between theprimary so
20、urce of supply and an electric fence controller and isinvestigated only as part of a complete controller. UL 69 alsostates that the requirements do not cover electric fence con-trollers for use with electrified security fences.4.5 In contrast to UL 69, this practice specifically addressesthe use of
21、electric security fences in detention and correctionalfacilities.NOTE 1Extensive research on the safety of pulsed electrical devices,which are used in electric fence controllers, is found in work by AmitNimunkar and John Webster.6This research provides background on thesafety of electric security fe
22、nces and is of value to those wishing tounderstand the basic science behind these systems.4.6 Limitations of Electric Security FencesIt is likely thatelectric security fences are not appropriate for use in environ-ments associated with juvenile, mental health, or other specialpopulations.5. Design C
23、haracteristics for the Safe Operation ofSecurity Fences5.1 Electric security fences have the following key compo-nents: (1) a wire fence array (Section 6), (2) a controller (orelectric fence energizer) that continuously monitors an electricfence and generates an alarm when pre-programmed conditionsa
24、re met (Section 7), (3) one or more electric fence access gates(to provide access to the facility), and (4) electric fenceinsulators (to maximize return voltage). The electric securityfence system shall be designed such that when tested byoperating the energizer at the rated voltage with a 500 loadc
25、onnected across the terminals the output characteristics are:75.1.1 The pulse repetition rate shall not exceed 1 Hz;5.1.2 The impulse duration of the impulse shall not exceed10 ms;5.1.3 For energy limited energizers, the energy/impulseshall not exceed 5 J;5.1.4 For current limited energizers, the ou
26、tput current shallnot exceed:5.1.4.1 The value specified in Eq 1, where impulse durationis measured in ms and output current is measured in mA:impulse duration 5 41.885 31033 output current!21.34(1)5.1.4.2 For an impulse duration of less than 0.1 ms, 15 700mA.NOTE 2IEC 60335-2-76 provides background
27、 for safe use includingrange of maximum current and duration combinations, maximum fre-quency of pulse, and maximum energy per pulse.5.2 All energized wires in a multi-energizer system shall beenergized simultaneously. Pulse repetition rates less than 1 Hzshall be allowed.5.3 The controller shall be
28、 able to function in an operatingenvironment with temperature ranges of -20 to +60C andrelative humidity ranges of up to 95 %.5.4 Each energizer shall have a backup power supplyappropriate for the site-specific application under full load inthe event of a power failure. Eight hours of backup shall b
29、e theminimum, but additional coverage is encouraged.5.5 The energizers shall, depending on conditions, activatealarms when any of the following conditions occur: circuitopens, conductor-to-conductor shorts, conductor-to-groundshorts, and sufficient circuit-resistive loading.5.6 Key Additional Featur
30、esThe following additional fea-tures shall be allowed to aid redundancy, ease of use, andmaintenance with the tradeoff being increasing complexity andcost.5.6.1 Independent switchable energizers increase cost andcomplexity, but they enhance redundancy so that, when anenergizer fails, at least a port
31、ion of the system will remainactive.5.6.2 Two or more auxiliary supervised alarm inputs allowsfor the setting of multiple trigger points for alarms. This ishelpful in minimizing false alarms and giving early warning ofpotential maintenance needs.5.6.3 Two or more programmable outputs allows for inte
32、-gration with other security systems such as gates or cameras.5.6.4 Illuminated indicators on the energizer allow for easeof monitoring proper system functioning, monitoring, andindication of alarms. They are useful for showing the follow-ing: pulse rate, return pulse, high-voltage (HV) alarm, outpu
33、ton, data received, data transmitted, and tamper.5.6.5 It is feasible to configure the system so that each zonecan be independently deactivated without affecting the perfor-mance of the overall system, for maintenance purposes.5.7 The system shall incorporate lightning suppression inaccordance with
34、the manufacturers specifications. Lightningsuppression is achieved in multiple ways providing varyingdegrees of protection.6. Wire Fence Array6.1 The configurations of the wire array shall be allowed tovary to suit different applications. To ensure an effectivesystem and minimize maintenance cost, t
35、he following designlimitations shall be met:6.1.1 All metals in contact with the fence array shall bemanufactured of materials that ensure that electrolysis isminimized.6.1.2 If joint clamps are used, they shall be galvanized.6Nimunkar,A. J. and Webster, J. G., “Safety of pulsed electric devices,” P
36、hysiol.Meas., Vol 30, 2009, pp. 101114.7Source IEC 60335-2-76.F3297 1926.1.3 Tensioning devices shall be easily managed (meaningthat gripples shall not be accepted).6.1.4 All steel anchor and support posts shall be hot dippedto a minimum thickness of 30 6 5 m.6.1.5 Intermediate posts shall be galvan
37、ized and mountedno further apart than 3.6 6 0.4 m on center.6.1.6 When attaching to a chain link fence, 50 6 5mmspacing brackets shall be required.6.1.7 Plastic components shall be specifically designed forsecurity applications and meet the minimum requirements ofthe controller manufacturer.6.1.8 Ul
38、traviolet (UV)-stabilized material for long usefullife in outdoor use shall be used.6.1.9 A self-cleaning design shall be used.6.2 The following additional features shall be allowed, asthey aid redundancy, ease of use, and maintenance with thetradeoff being increasing complexity and cost.6.2.1 There
39、 are two main configurations of electric securityfence: freestanding or attached to an existing fence, wall, orsupporting structure. While it is possible that there will be costdifferences between the types, selection is usually based on siteconsiderations. The most common configuration is for theel
40、ectric security fence to be attached to a chain link or othertype of perimeter fence. If the electric security fence isfreestanding, it shall be separated from the public by means ofa physical barrier not less than 1.5 m high or an equivalentnatural barrier.6.2.2 Electric security fence zones shall
41、be configured basedon site specifications and manufacturers electrical resistance,ideally on the order of 100 m in length.6.2.3 Wire shall comply with the manufacturers specifica-tions. A variety of wire types and gauges of wire shall beallowed. The choice is driven by the sites requirements and the
42、entirety of the manufacturers system.6.2.4 The wire spacing and configuration shall be allowed tovary to suit different applications. Normally, the spacing shallbe between a minimum of 50 mm and a maximum of 150 mm.The objective is to maximize the effectiveness of the securitywhile minimizing initia
43、l and ongoing maintenance cost.6.2.5 Wires shall be tensioned consistent with the manufac-turers specifications.6.2.6 Fence infrastructure shall be to the electric securityfence controller manufacturers specifications.7. Controls7.1 There are many methods of control to suit differentapplications. To
44、 ensure an effective system, maximize up time,and minimize maintenance cost, the following design limita-tions shall be met:7.1.1 Reliable communication backbone shall be configuredin a self-healing loop, star configuration, or other systemssuitable for high-security applications to minimize downtim
45、eand increase ease of use;7.1.2 Programmable logic controller (PLC) or softwaredesign control system shall be specifically designed for opera-tion with the energizers;7.1.3 Each controller to be field programmable to changethe existing operating parameters or enable newly developedfeatures to be add
46、ed to the system. System enhancements shallbe allowed such as video control interface and allowingmultiple operation permission levels controlled by the admin-istrator; and7.1.4 The control systems shall do the following: monitorsystem operation, perform diagnostics to aid maintenance, andnotify of
47、attempts to tamper with the system. In addition, thecontrol system will record user inputs with the system, events,real-time reference ground voltage, current energizer operatingmode, tamper alarms, and the event log.7.2 The control system shall also be allowed to reportreal-time fence circuit volta
48、ges, primary power source failurenotification, low battery, and battery failure depending on siteneeds.8. Training8.1 To maximize effectiveness and minimize maintenancecost, effective training shall be done appropriate to the employ-ees responsibilities. Training shall be consistent with theusers tr
49、aining policy and procedures.9. Environment and Usage Shall Drive AdditionalMaintenance Needs9.1 The following shall be minimum maintenance frequen-cies.9.2 The following shall be done daily:9.2.1 Alarm Test in Each ZoneThis shall be done byshorting a wire to ground or touching wire to wire using anapproved testing tool recommended by manufacturer.9.2.2 Fence Line Visual InspectionA daily inspection ofthe fence line shall be done to remove trash, repair anyattempts to compromise the system, and note situations proac-
