1、Designation: F3349 18Standard Guide forUse of Herding Agents in Conjunction with In-Situ Burning1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3349; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide relates to the use of herding agents inconjunction with in-situ burning of spilled oil.1.1.1 Although the focus is on the
3、use of herders inconjunction with in-situ burning, herders may also be used toaid in mechanical recovery of spilled oil.1.2 The purpose of this guide is to provide information thatwill enable oil-spill responders to select the appropriate tech-niques and devices to successfully collect and ignite oi
4、l spilledon water.1.3 The focus of this guide is on the in-situ combustion ofmarine oil spills in drift ice conditions. The use of herdingagents on calmer ice-free water is also possible.1.4 This guide is one of several related to in-situ burning.Other standards cover specifications for fire-contain
5、mentbooms and the environmental and operational considerationsfor burning.1.5 The storage, transport, and use of herding agents may besubject to regulations that will vary according to the jurisdic-tion. While guidance of a general nature is provided in thisdocument, users of this guide should deter
6、mine regulations thatapply to their situation.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applic
7、ability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by th
8、e World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil AgainstWater by the Ring MethodF631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data inControlled Environments3. Terminology3.1 herding agent
9、(also known as surface collectionagent)chemical product that can be applied to the watersurface surrounding an oil slick to concentrate the slick andthicken it to enhance countermeasures such as in-situ burningor recovery.3.2 ice concentrationsice cover expressed as tenths, thatis,510 ths is equival
10、ent to 50 % ice coverage by area.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide describes the use of herding agents for thepurpose of in-situ burning. It is intended to aid decision-makersand spill-responders in contingency planning, spill response,and training, and to aid manufacturers in developing effecti
11、veherding agents.4.2 This guide is not intended as a detailed operationalmanual for the use of herding agents or the burning of spilledoil.5. Overview of the Use of Herding Agents for BurningSpilled Oil on Water5.1 The main requirement for the effective use of in-situburning of a marine oil spill is
12、 an adequate slick thickness tosupport combustion. Slicks of greater than 1 mm are requiredto allow ignition and sustain combustion. Thicknesses of 2 to3 mm or greater will ensure effective in-situ burning.5.2 For spills that are not naturally contained against ashoreline, ice edge, or amongst ice p
13、ieces, artificial contain-ment will be required to achieve burnable slick thicknesses.5.3 Collection and containment using fire-resistant boom ispossible in open water and drift ice concentration up to 3 to5101This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances an
14、d Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.11 on Control.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published February 2019. DOI: 10.1520/F3349182For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann
15、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally
16、recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1ths, but is slower than in open water. In drift ice concent
17、rationsof710 ths and greater, natural containment may be adequate forin situ burning. Herding agents (also known as herders) may beuseful when ice concentrations do not allow the use of boomsand when natural containment is not afforded. Herding agentscan be used to contain and concentrate oil for th
18、e purpose ofin-situ burning.5.4 Herding agents sprayed onto the water surrounding anoil slick result in the formation of a monomolecular layer ofsurfactants on the water surface (Fig. 1). These surfactantsreduce the surface tension of the surrounding water signifi-cantly. When the surfactant reaches
19、 the edge of a thin oil slickit changes the balance of interfacial forces acting on the slickedge and causes the oil/water and oil/air interfacial tensions tocontract the oil into thicker layers.5.5 Herding agents were initially developed in the 1970s asa method of thickening oil slicks on open wate
20、r prior tomechanical recovery. Unfortunately, it was discovered duringfield tests that herded slicks resumed spreading within tens ofminutes in all but relatively calm seas and cannot resist windsin excess of 2 m/s (4 knots). Herders have limited effectivenessin breaking waves which rapidly disrupt
21、the herder layer.Recent research has re-examined the use of herding agents inthe context of in-situ burning in drift ice conditions, wherebreaking waves are generally less of an issue and the ice and oiltend to drift downwind at the same velocity.5.6 When applied correctly, herding agents do not aff
22、ect thephysical or chemical properties of the oil, and will not affectthe ability to subsequently disperse or mechanically recover theoil, beyond any effect related to thickening the oil slick.5.7 The ultimate fate of herding agents will generally bedispersion and dissolution into the water column d
23、ue to waveaction. Given the low application rate, the concentration ofherding agent in the water will generally be very low.5.8 A more thorough description of herding agent develop-ment is contained in Appendix X1.5.9 Although not the focus of this standard, herders mayalso be used in other applicat
24、ions, such as: concentrating oil toenhance recovery operations; and clearing thin films of oilfrom under piers and among wetlands where marine accessmay be difficult.6. Guidelines for Use6.1 The use of specific chemical surface-active agents,sometimes called oil herders or surface oil collection age
25、nts, toclear and contain oil slicks on an open-water surface is wellknown.6.2 Herding agents are applied to the water surface aroundthe periphery of a slick, not onto the slick itself. Herders can beapplied in a low-volume and low-pressure stream, for example,using simple backpack sprayers.6.3 These
26、 agents have the ability to spread rapidly over awater surface into a monomolecular layer, as a result of theirhigh spreading coefficients, or spreading pressures. The mosteffective herding agents have spreading pressures in the mid-40mN/m range, whereas most crude oils have spreading pressuresin th
27、e 10 to 20 mN/m range.6.4 Consequently, small quantities of these surfactants (ap-proximately 15 L per kilometre, equivalent to 7 gal per nauticalmile, as measured along the perimeter of a slick) will quicklyclear thin films of oil from large areas of water surface,contracting the oil into thicker s
28、licks. Additional applicationsmay be required.6.5 For example, a 10 m3(63 barrels, equivalent to 2640gal) spill with an average thickness of 0.1 mm would have aperimeter of approximately 1100 ml (3600 flt), and wouldrequire approximately 16 L (4 gal) of herding agent. In thisexample the herding agen
29、t to oil ratio is 1:600.6.6 Depending on the scale of the application, herding agentmay be applied dropwise or in low volume streams. In eithercase, care should be taken to avoid mixing the herding agentinto the water column or spraying it onto the slick.FIG. 1 Depiction of Herding Agent Application
30、F3349 1826.7 Following application of the herder, a period of 30 to 60min may be required for it to have its full effect and maximizethe thickness of the slick.6.8 Another potential advantage of using herders in drift iceconditions is the possibility that the entire operation could becarried out usi
31、ng helicopters, or possibly even remote-controlaircraft, to spray herders on the water around slicks and thenignite the thickened oil with aerially-deployed igniters. Thistype of totally aerial response could be much faster, moreeffective, safer and less complicated than conventionalicebreaker-based
32、 countermeasures in Arctic waters.6.9 This type of aerial- based response could be much safer,faster, more effective, and less complicated than conventionalcountermeasures in arctic waters.6.10 Herding agents in common use may gel at sub-freezingtemperatures. Gelling can be avoided by limiting the e
33、xposureof herding agent to ambient conditions, the use of insulatedapplication containers, and the use of heat.7. Herding Agent Effectiveness Test7.1 With renewed interest in the use of herding agents therehas been renewed interest in developing and evaluating newand existing products. To be accepte
34、d as a spill control agent inUS waters, a herding agent must pass a floating persistence testand have its toxicity test results published7.2 The test parameters are intended to reflect minimumconditions for acceptable performance. More stringent condi-tions such as higher wind speed or the use of we
35、athered oremulsified oils may be considered for some herding agents,depending on the application.7.3 The recommended oil for the effectiveness test is a lightto medium viscosity crude oil. (See Guide F631, Table X1.1and select a Type I or II oil.) Diesel could be used, but shouldbe tinted to aid in
36、visual measurement techniques.7.4 The following test can be performed using fresh waterunderlying the oil. Present-day herding agents work equallywell in fresh water and in seawater. For new products,depending on the intended application, the inconsequence ofwater salinity should be confirmed or, pr
37、eferably, both condi-tions tested.7.5 The general procedure for a 1-m2pan experiment is:7.5.1 Place 20 L (a depth of 2 cm) of room-temperaturewater in each 1-m2pan lined with freshly rinsed (using tapwater) new plastic film.7.5.2 Take a sample of the water from the surface using aPetri dish and meas
38、ure the water-air interfacial tension (IFT)using a DuNuoy Ring Tensiometer (Test Method D971-12). Ifthe IFT reading is less than 65, replace the water and film andretry.7.5.3 Carefully pour 500 mL of the test oil on the water;making sure that it doesnt stick to the plastic on the bottom ofthe tray w
39、hile being poured.7.5.4 Allow the oil to spread to equilibrium and take adigital photograph from overhead, preferably directly overheadthe center of the pan, for subsequent oil area coverage analysis.7.5.5 Apply prescribed amount (150 L) of herding agent toopen water area with micropipette.7.5.6 All
40、ow the oil to contract and take another digitalphotograph after one minute, 10 min, 30 min and 1 h.7.5.7 Empty water from pan, remove plastic film, and drythe tray.7.5.8 The slicks (including any oil sheen) in the photo-graphs must be corrected for perspective and the area mea-sured. Average slick t
41、hickness is estimated by dividing thevolume of oil by the calculated area.7.5.9 The error in estimating area should be quite small, lessthan 5 % taking into account parallax errors at the sides of thepans. Errors in average slick thickness would increase as timeprogresses, unless evaporation losses
42、are taken into account,but in a quiescent lab environment over the period of an hourwould not likely exceed 10 %.7.6 An effective herder will thicken a light to medium crudefrom an initial equilibrium thickness of approximately 0.5 mmto a thickness greater than 3 mm in a few minutes and maintainthe
43、herded slick thickness at 3 mm or greater for the one hourtest.8. Regulatory Considerations8.1 In most jurisdictions, application of a chemical productin a marine environment is subject to regulatory approval.8.2 Few jurisdictions have established approval criteria forthe acceptance of herding agent
44、s for spill response. In the U.S.,the Environmental Protection Agency would approve or disap-prove of such a product based on one criteria: tendency for theproduct not to mix into the water column. Should a productmeet this criteria EPA will list it on the National ContingencyPlan (NCP) Product Sche
45、dule along with the results of stan-dardized toxicity tests.NOTE 1Accepting a product for listing in the NCP Schedule does notconstitute approval for use in a spill.9. Safety9.1 SDS information should be consulted prior to the use ofany herding agent.9.2 In general, the use of herding agents does no
46、t presentany particular safety concerns to response personnel. StandardPersonal Protection Equipment should be used to avoidingestion, inhalation, and prolonged contact.10. Shipping and Storage10.1 In general, the currently available herding agents donot present any particular concerns regarding shi
47、pping andstorage regulations.10.2 For some herders, the solvent may present a flamma-bility hazard and may have restrictions with regards to com-mercial air shipment.10.3 Herding agents should be stored in sealed containers ina warm facility, shielded from sunlight and avoiding extremetemperatures (
48、that is, avoid freezing temperatures and tempera-tures greater than 35 C).F3349 18310.4 The estimated shelf life of the product should be statedby the manufacturer. For example, existing herding agents havea known shelf life of five years or more.11. Keywords11.1 containment; herder; herding agent;
49、in-situ burning;ISB; oilAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. BRIEF HISTORY OF HERDER DEVELOPMENTHerding agents were initially developed in the 1970s as amethod of thickening oil slicks prior to mechanical recovery.Unfortunately, it was discovered during field tests that herdedslicks began to re-spread in tens of minutes in all but relativelycalm seas. They were never applied during an actual offshorespill because mechanical recovery requires longer periods toimplement.X1.2 A research program initiated in 2003 (SL Ross2004(1), 2005(2), 2007(3), 2012(4); Buist et al. 2010
