1、Designation: F716 18Standard Test Methods forSorbent Performance of Absorbents for Use on Chemicaland Light Hydrocarbon Spills1This standard is issued under the fixed designation F716; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision
2、, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the development of laboratorytest data that describe the performance of absorbe
3、nt materials(and their retention ability) for use on chemical and lighthydrocarbon spills.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, assoc
4、iated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(For a specific warning statement see 10.4.)1.4 This international standard was devel
5、oped in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Docu
6、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2F726 Test Method for Sorbent Performance of Adsorbentsfor use on Crude Oil and Related Spills2.2 Federal Standard:Fed. Std. No. 141a Paint, Varnish, Lacquer and RelatedMaterials. Methods of Inspection, Sampling and Testing32.3 Military Specification:MIL-I-631D Insulation, El
7、ectric, Synthetic ResinComposition, Nonrigid33. Terminology3.1 General Terminology:3.1.1 gellanta material such as a colloidal network orother aggregate network that pervades and holds a liquid in ahighly viscous fragile structure. Many gels may rapidly liquefywith added heat or ionic/polar addition
8、. These materials aresoluble/flowable in excess liquid.3.1.2 sorbentan insoluble material or mixture of materialsused to recover liquids through the mechanisms of absorptionor adsorption, or both.3.1.3 thickenera material (usually of higher molecularweight) that is soluble in excess liquid. These ma
9、terials gofrom dry to gummy (viscoelastic) to flowable and then soluble.The final viscosity depends only on the liquid to solid ratio.3.1.4 universal sorbentan insoluble material or mixture ofmaterials that will sorb both hydrophobic and hydrophilicliquid spills.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 absorbenta mate
10、rial that picks up and retains aliquid distributed throughout its molecular structure causingthe solid to swell (50 % or more). The absorbent is at least70 % insoluble in excess liquid.3.2.2 adsorbentan insoluble material that is coated by aliquid on its surface including pores and capillaries witho
11、ut thesolid swelling more than 50 % in excess liquid.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.3.1 oila substantially water immiscible organic liquidthat will float on water (density less than 1 g/cm3), typicallywith surface tension less than 40 x 10-3.3.3.2 Type I absorbent (roll, film,
12、sheet, pad, blanket,web)a material with length and width much greater thanthickness and which has both linear form and strength suffi-cient to be handled either saturated or unsaturated.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 onHazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response
13、 and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee F20.22 on Mitigation Actions.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018. Published February 2019. Originallyapproved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F716 09 which waswithdrawn July 2018 and reinstated in November 2018. DOI: 10.1520/F071
14、6-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700
15、 Robbins Ave.,Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http:/quicksearch.dla.mil.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
16、established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.3.3 Type II absorbent (loose)an unconsolidated, particu-late material without sufficient form and
17、strength to be handledexcept with scoops and similar equipment.4. Summary of Method4.1 The absorbent material is tested using established stan-dard methods, where applicable, and specially developed testsfor performance factors.5. Significance and Use5.1 These methods are to be used as a basis for c
18、omparisonof absorbents in a consistent manner.5.2 These tests are not appropriate for adsorbent materialswhich are covered in Test Method F726.5.3 These methods are not useful for a comparison ofabsorbents with adsorbents, even though all absorbents exhibitadsorbent properties. Both types of materia
19、ls have prime areasof utility.5.4 These methods may not list all the safety and disposaloptions necessary for safe ultimate disposal of used sorbentmaterial into the environment. Federal, state, and local regu-latory rules must be followed.6. Special Considerations6.1 SolubilityFluid should not diss
20、olve the absorbent un-der normal recovery or handling conditions.6.2 ReuseUsed absorbent materials may be recycled un-der certain conditions. Fluid absorbed cannot be released withsqueezing. However, many of the polymeric materials willdepolymerize at temperatures at or below those in a refinerypipe
21、 still. This means they are recoverable, although in adifferent form.Along with resource recovery, the harvestabilityof sorbents will become more important. Lower boiling mate-rials may also be steam stripped from absorbents to recoverboth fluid and absorbent.6.3 Release of VolatilesCertain volatile
22、 materials pickedup by sorbents may create a vapor hazard by increasing theexposed surface area and therefore vapor release. Dependingon the material picked up, this may increase fire or healthhazard (see 10.4).6.4 Release to an Alternative Material Such as SandThetendency to release sorbed liquid t
23、o beaches, ground, clothingof personnel, and so forth, both as liquid and vapor can bedetermined on a basis of priority (see 11.5).6.5 PenetrationAbsorbents may be useful as sealing de-vices and the penetration test will allow a uniform means ofdetermining the efficacy of a material for this use.7.
24、Apparatus7.1 Exterior Exposure Tester, sufficient for use with Fed.Std. No. 141a, Method 6152 (optional).7.1.1 Actual outdoor exposure in a direction averaging themaximum exposure in a sunny area, such as Southern Floridaor Arizona, is desired. Exposure should be listed in monthswith total sun days.
25、7.1.2 Actual outdoor exposure for a period of three monthsat a testing site should be listed.7.2 Tension TesterCommercially available tester (op-tional).7.2.1 Use of actual weights suspended from test pieces inturn suspended from a continuous reading hanging scale maybe used. Shock loading may be si
26、mulated by fastening one endof a unit rigidly and attaching the maximum pickup weight tothe bottom end hanging free. The weight can be raised 2.5 cmand released and also 10 cm and again released. This testshould be recorded as pass or fail.7.3 Continuous Reading Hanging ScalesA continuousreading han
27、ging scale fitted with a hook or clamp should beused. For testing units, weighing sensitivity shall be 62 %. Forsmall samples, postal-type scales may be used (0 to 80 g).7.4 Top Loading Balance, having 0.5-g resolution forsamples weighing at minimum 50 g or more. An accuracy of2 % is desired.7.5 Mea
28、suring Tubes10 and 100-mL graduated measuringcylinders of regular laboratory quality.7.6 Paper Towels, for removing excess liquid from theabsorbent.7.7 Oven-Dried Mason Sand, for use in checking rate ofrelease. Screen analysis is desired. Optionally, known screensize silica sand can be used.8. Test
29、Fluids8.1 Test fluids may be used for general testing, although theactual fluid should be used where possible.8.2 Low-Viscosity MaterialsFor low-viscosity material(like gasoline), use xylene which has a higher flash point. (Forsafety, a solution containing 10 % methylene chloride can beadded to aid
30、in raising flash point.)8.3 Polar SolventsFor polar solvents, use methylisobu-tylketone (hexone), butylacetate, and so forth.8.4 Medium-Viscosity FluidsFor medium-viscosity fluids,No. 2 fuel oil, diesel fuel, JP-5, Jet A-1 (turbine fuel), or lightcrude oil (for example, light Arabian or Iranian crud
31、e), isrecommended.8.5 High-Viscosity FluidsNondetergent or C-10 Trans-former dielectric oil (specify manufacturer and viscosity) isrecommended.8.6 Range Finding FluidsEthanol (95 %), acetone, ethyl-ene glycol, cyclohexane, 2-nitropropane are suitable fluids.9. Conditioning9.1 Condition three absorbe
32、nt test specimens at room tem-perature (21 to 26 C) (70 to 80 F) in a closed vessel with 2.5cm of water in the bottom. Suspend specimens in vapor spacewithout contacting water for not less than 24 h prior to testing.Condition specimens in the fully exposed state with nocoverings or wrapping that wou
33、ld hinder the equilibrationprocess.F716 1829.2 Condition three absorbent test specimens totally im-mersed in water at room temperature (21 to 26 C) (70 to80 F) in a vessel with a minimum of 10 cm of water coveringthe absorbent for not less than 24 h prior to testing. Conditionspecimens in the fully
34、exposed state with no coverings orwrapping which would hinder the equilibration process.9.3 Alternative TemperaturesIf temperature conditionsother than room temperature are expected to be important, thenthe sorbent should be conditioned and tested at the temperatureof use in addition to those specif
35、ied in 9.1 and 9.2.10. Determination of Physical Characteristics ofAbsorbents10.1 MildewThe susceptibility of an absorbent to mildewunder normal storage is described in MIL-I-631D. This op-tional test determines the expected shelf life under conditionswhich could lead to mildew. This test may be req
36、uired when itis believed that this condition may exist prior to an emergency.10.2 Exterior ExposureThis optional test may be per-formed in accordance with Fed. Std. No. 141a, Method 6152.Actual exposure in area of use for one month is preferable.Long-term testing is not necessary for materials that
37、are to beused in emergency situations. For testing purposes both absor-bent and adsorbent and other parts of a fabricated unit shouldbe tested or exposed individually and reported.10.3 Humidity/Water ResistanceThis test is used to pre-dict the performance of a product stored under high humidityor on
38、e that is water-soaked prior to use.10.3.1 Condition all absorbent test specimens at roomtemperature (21 to 26 C) (70 to 80 F) in a closed vessel with2.5 cm of water in the bottom. Suspend the specimens in vaporspace without contacting water for 2 days (14 days optional).At the end of the exposure p
39、eriod, test the specimens for oiland water absorbency. Record weights before and after thisconditioning.10.3.2 Weigh specimens that are conditioned in water bybeing total immersed (9.2) immediately after removal fromwater and again after wringing out all excess water (typicalhand wringer for laundry
40、 or equivalent). Test specimens for testfluid and water sorbency following both weighings.10.4 FlammabilityThis test should indicate either contri-bution to an existing fire, that is, a UL rating of 94, if desired,or a simple rating of combustible or noncombustible andflashpoint by Cleveland open-cu
41、p. (WarningAll sorbentmaterials, even those considered nonhazardous, take on thecharacteristics of the material they pick up. If the material isflammable, the used absorbent material is flammable. If thefluid picked up is toxic, then the used absorbent should behandled as a toxic substance. Basic ac
42、tive absorbent and simplefabricated units are adequate for this test.)11. Determination of Expected Performance11.1 General:11.1.1 Initial testing for performance can be accomplishedwith absorbent in the as-received condition. Conditioning asdescribed in Section 9 may be necessary for special use or
43、 forspecial fluids to be absorbed. Good practice requires triplicatetesting with results reported as the average.11.1.2 For all tests, without exception, the fabricated mate-rials or units must remain handleable (without tearing) at themaximum pickup rate reported while being held by a corner ofthe
44、unit.11.2 Oily Material Absorption (Typically Type IIAbsorbent)This test provides a simple method of comparingthe absorbing materials inherent capacity to absorb variousfluids as well as compare ultimate capacity to do so. This testis run with an excess of fluid.11.2.1 In a 10-mL graduated cylinder,
45、 place 2 mL ofabsorbent and weigh to determine the weight of absorbent.Place the 2 mL of absorbent into a 100-mL graduated cylinder.Add 50 mL of fluid to be tested, record level, then cap with afoil (aluminum or plastic)-wrapped cork or stopper. Agitate forshort periods with a glass stirring rod. If
46、 at the end of 2 h thereis still free liquid on top of the swollen absorbent or underneathif the fluid has a density greater than the absorbent, place apiece of 200-mesh screen (just slightly smaller than the insidediameter of the cylinder with at least four centering wires bentup at 90) in the flui
47、d to sit on top of the absorbent. Record thelevel of the swollen absorbent. If the fluid is much more densethan the absorbent, add an additional minimum weight on topof the screen to force the swollen absorbent to the bottom andthen record the level of the screen. If this test gives a swell ofless t
48、han 20 mL, repeat using 10 mL of absorbent in the100-mL graduated cylinder. This empirical test may be re-placed by a microscopic calibrated swell of a uniform absor-bent particle in the fluid.11.2.2 Swell may also be checked at 24 h for thosespecimens that have not shown maximum swell in 2 h. Itsho
49、uld be recognized that a 2-h maximum swell may beacceptable but a 24-h swell will probably not be useful for aspill control unit without modification. Such a 24-h swell timemay require modification of particle size, etc., to provideeffective swell within 2 h. The report shall include the timerequired to reach maximum absorption if less than 2 h.11.2.3 Increase in volume of the solid absorbent is theproperty that distinguishes an absorbent from an adsorbent.Free liquid should be poured out of the graduate cylinder anda weighing then made (with th
