1、 IEEE Guide for Selecting, Charging, Testing, and Evaluating Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Sponsored by the IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 (SCC21) on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 1001
2、6-5997 USA IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21 IEEE Std 1361-2014(Revision ofIEEE Std 1361-2003) IEEE Std 1361-2014 (Revision of IEEE Std 1361-2003) IEEE Guide for Selecting, Charging, Testing, and Evaluating Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic (PV) Systems Sponsor IEEE Standar
3、ds Coordinating Committee 21 (SCC21) on Fuel Cells, Photovoltaics, Dispersed Generation, and Energy Storage Approved 16 May 2014 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: This guide is applicable to all stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) systems where PV is the only charging source. Stand-alone PV system paramet
4、ers and operating conditions are discussed in relation to battery characteristics and expected system performance. Charging parameters for PV systems are suggested to help in the selection of a battery for a specific application. Finally, a performance test to verify the battery selection and system
5、 parameters is provided, including discussions on how to interpret test results. Test results only provide information on initial battery performance. No cycle-life predictions are made. Keywords: IEEE 1361, lead-acid battery test procedure, lead-acid battery tutorial, photovoltaic (PV) battery char
6、acteristics, PV battery selection, PV battery test procedure, PV systems The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2014 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 16 June 2014.
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35、ights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Participants At the time this IEEE guide was completed, the Storage Systems Working Group ha
36、d the following membership: Peter McNutt, Chair Robert Rallo, Vice Chair Curtis Ashton Thomas Basso Jay Chamberlin Thomas Hund Haissam Nasrat Michael Nispel Kenneth Sanders Stephen L. Vechy John Wiles The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide. Balloters may have
37、 voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William Ackerman Satish Aggarwal Samuel Aguirre Stan Arnot Curtis Ashton Gary Balash Thomas Barnes Robert Beavers Wallace Binder Chris Brooks Gustavo Brunello William Cantor Jay Chamberlin Keith Chow Mark Clark Michael Coddington Garth Corey Matthew D
38、avis Peter Demar Gary Donner Neal Dowling Gary Engmann Charles Finin Rostyslaw Fostiak John Gagge, Jr. Jalal Gohari Stephen Grier Randall Groves Ajit Gwal Donald Hall Steven Hensley Lee Herron Werner Hoelzl David Ittner Richard Jackson Stanley Klein Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Thomas Ladson C
39、hung-Yiu Lam Greg Luri Edward McCall Peter McNutt John Merando Jose Morales Kimberly Mosley Jerry Murphy Haissam Nasrat Dennis Neitzel Michael Newman David Nichols Michael Nispel Bansi Patel Robert Rallo Charles Rogers Randall Safier Kenneth Sanders Steven Sano Bartien Sayogo Robert Seitz Gil Shultz
40、 Herbert Sinnock Jerry Smith John Spare Gary Stoedter Kevin Thundiyil Joe Uchiyama Eric Udren John Vergis Jane Verner Kenneth White John Wiles Jian Yu When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on 16 May 2014, it had the following membership: John Kulick, Chair Jon Walter Rosdahl, Vice Cha
41、ir Richard H. Hulett, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Peter Balma Farooq Bari Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Stephen Dukes Jean-Philippe Faure Gary Hoffman Michael Janezic Jeffrey Katz Joseph L. Koepfinger* David J. Law Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Glenn Parsons Ron Petersen Adrian Step
42、hens Peter Sutherland Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Don Wright Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. vii Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Julie Alessi IEEE-S
43、A Content Publishing Matthew J. Ceglia IEEE-SA Technical Community Programs Copyright 2014 IEEE. All rights reserved. viii Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1361-2014, IEEE Guide for Selecting, Charging, Testing, and Evaluating Lead-Acid Batteries Used in Stand-Alone Photovoltai
44、c (PV) Systems. The PV system designer depends on the capacity of a storage battery for reliable extended operation of the system load during hours of darkness and below average solar resource. Photovoltaic systems can subject batteries to harsh operational environments with minimal control of recha
45、rge profiles. The economics of photovoltaic modules limit the ability to charge the battery at more traditional motive power deep-cycle charge rates and times. Typical charge rates for small stand-alone PV systems are less than 6.5 amperes (A) and may be less than 2.0 A per 100 Ah of battery capacit
46、y. Relatively low rates, coupled with the unpredictability of the solar resource, result in limited recharge capabilities. Stand-alone PV systems are typically utilized in remote locations with minimal power resources, which limits the amount of initial battery boost charging possible. In daily oper
47、ation, the limited available PV charging source combined with relatively low charge regulation voltages may be insufficient to provide a full charge to the battery. In an effort to identify appropriate stand-alone PV system parameters together with appropriate battery technology, a repeatable test p
48、rocedure is provided to verify PV system parameters based on laboratory battery performance testing. This test procedure is designed to be characteristic of the low charge/discharge rates, shallow cycle operation, and various charging methods used in PV systems. This guide contains relevant informat
49、ion on PV system design considerations as related to lead-acid batteries and a recommended test plan for evaluating battery performance in a particular system design. Specific lead-acid battery topics include the following: PV battery selection, PV battery characteristics, and PV battery testing and evaluation. The recommended test plan for evaluating PV batteries includes the following: Limitations and expectations, System parameter selection, PV battery cycle test, and Interpretation of test results. This guide may be used separately, or in combination wit
