1、 IEEE Std 1528-2013 (Revision of IEEE Std 1528-2003) IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques Sponsor IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety Approve
2、d 14 June 2013 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: Protocols and test procedures are specified for the measurement of the peak spatial-average SAR induced inside a simplified model of the head of users of certain handheld radio transceivers. These transceivers are intended to be used for personal wire
3、less communications services, operate in the 300 MHz to 6 GHz frequency range, and are intended to be operated while held against the ear. The results obtained by following the protocols specified in this recommended practice represent a conservative estimate of the peak spatial-average SAR induced
4、in the head of a significant majority of persons, subject to measurement and other uncertainties that are defined in this recommended practice. The results are representative of those expected during conditions of intended use of a handheld wireless device. It is not the intent of this recommended p
5、ractice to provide a result representative of the absolute maximum SAR value possible under every conceivable combination of head size, head shape, handset orientation, and spacing relative to the head. The measurement of SAR induced in the external tissues of the head, e.g., the external ear (pinna
6、), is not addressed in this document. This recommended practice also does not address the body SAR measurements typically required for wireless handsets. The following items are described in detail: measurement concepts, measurement techniques, instruments, calibration techniques, simulated-tissue (
7、phantom) models, including homogeneous anatomically equivalent models of the human head and simple phantoms for validation of the SAR measurement system, and the limitations of these systems when used for measuring the spatial-peak mass-averaged SAR. Procedures for calibrating electric field (E-fiel
8、d) probes used for SAR measurements and assessing the SAR measurement and system uncertainties are provided in the annexes. This recommended practice is intended primarily for use by engineers and other specialists who are familiar with electromagnetic (EM) theory and SAR measurement techniques; it
9、does not recommend specific SAR limit values since these are found in other documents. The benefits to the users include standardized and accepted protocols, validation techniques, and means for estimating the overall measurement uncertainty in order to produce valid and repeatable data. Keywords: h
10、andheld wireless transceivers, IEEE 1528, miniature E-field probes, non-ionizing radiation, RF dosimetry, RF/microwave exposure assessment, RF/microwave hazard assessment, SAR measurement systems, SAR measurement uncertainty, specific absorption rate (SAR) measurements, wireless handsets The Institu
11、te of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2013 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 6 September 2013. Printed in the United States of America. 2ndPrinting, 18 November 2013. Errata I
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25、 is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. viParticipants At the time this IEEE recommended practice was completed, SAR EvaluationMeasurement Techniques had the following membership: Mark D
26、ouglas, Chair Wolfgang Kainz, Vice Chair Daoud Attayi Quirino Balzano Howard Bassen Brian Beard Giorgi Bit-Babik Ralf Bodemann David Case Kwok Chan Isaac Chang Justin Chao Ji Chen Hyung-Do Choi C-K Chou Andreas Christ Chris Davis Benoit Derat Qi Dianyuan Antonio Faraone John Forrester Kenneth Foster
27、 Mauro Francavilla Sami Gabriel Josette Gallant Li Guoqing Abdelhamid Hadjem Lira Hamada Tim Harrington Steve Hauswirth Don Heirman Keiichi Hibi Kenneth Joyner Haeyoung Jun Abe Katsumi Jon Kenny Jafar Keshvari Mikhail Kozlov Niels Kuster Ae-kyoung Lee Stephen Liu Benjamin Loader Lin Lu Jrme Luc Luis
28、 Magaa Dirk Manteuffel Antonio Marini de Almeida Robert McIntosh Matthias Meier Vikass Monebhurrun Joe Morrissey (deceased) Hughes Nappert Maryna Nesterova Stuart Nicol Kai Niskala Teruo Onishi D. S. Park Kyle Park Jack Parmentier Chris Penney Ron Petersen Stphane Picard Ramadan Plicanic Marcel Poir
29、ier Katja Pokovi Alexander Prokop Stphane Proulx John Roman Andrea Schiavoni Geoff Schulteis Alpesh Shah Hugh Shapter Tanabe Shinji Winfried Simon Bjrn Thors Christer Trnevik Anssi Toropainen Daniele Trinchero Martin Vogel Ying Wang Soichi Watanabe Conrad Whelan Joe Wiart Tilmann Wittig Qiubo Ye Cop
30、yright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this recommended practice. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Arthur Astrin H. Stephen Berger Giorgi Bit-Babik Ralf Bodemann Mark Bushnell William Byrd David
31、 Case Johan A. Catrysse Kwok Chan C-K Chou Keith Chow Andreas Christ Ray Davis Benoit Derat Carlo Donati Randall Dotson Mark Douglas Donald Dunn Sourav Dutta Kenneth Foster Mauro Francavilla Sami Gabriel Josette Gallant Mariana Goldhamer Randall C. Groves Lira Hamada Edward Hare Werner Hoelzl Kennet
32、h Joyner Haeyoung Jun Wolfgang Kainz Efthymios Karabetsos Jafar Keshvari Joseph L. Koepfinger Mikhail Kozlov Jim Kulchisky Niels Kuster Ae-kyoung Lee Stephen Liu Benjamin Loader William Lumpkins Greg Luri Matthias Meier Maryna Nesterova Michael S. Newman Kai Niskala John Osepchuk Ronald Petersen Kat
33、ja Pokovic Brad Roberts Michael Roberts Bartien Sayogo Gil Shultz Walter Struppler Shinji Tanabe Anssi Toropainen John Vergis Ying Wang Soichi Watanabe Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiiWhen the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 14 June 2013, it had the follow
34、ing membership: John Kulick, Chair David J. Law, Vice Chair Richard H. Hulett, Past Chair Konstantinos Karachalios, Secretary Masayuki Ariyoshi Peter Balma Farooq Bari Ted Burse Wael William Diab Stephen Dukes Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Mark Halpin Gary Hoffman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Michael
35、 Janezic Joseph L. Koepfinger* Oleg Logvinov Ron Petersen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Adrian Stephens Peter Sutherland Yatin Trivedi Phil Winston Yu Yuan *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Jan
36、ezic, NIST Representative Don Messina IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Joan Woolery IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. ixIntroduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std 1528-2013, IEEE Recommended Practic
37、e for Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Head from Wireless Communications Devices: Measurement Techniques. In June 1995, the IEEE Standards Board approved the establishment of Standards Coordinating Committee 34 (SCC34) as a collaborating effort with th
38、e Electromagnetic Energy Association.aPrior to 1995, assessment of exposure to various products was based on the procedures found in IEEE Std C95.3-1991 B100 that addresses exposure assessment in general but does not provide detailed procedures that could be applied to specific products.bIn accordan
39、ce with policies of the IEEE, SCC34 standards were issued and developed as IEEE standards, as well as being submitted to ANSI for recognition. Subcommittee 2 (SC2) of SCC34 was established in February 1997 to develop standard protocols for evaluating certain wireless devices, such as handheld radio
40、transceivers, wireless LANs, and similar devices, to meet specific SAR measurement criteria. The first version of IEEE Std 1528 was released in December 2003; an amendment was issued in 2005. In March 2005, the integration of IEEE SCC34 into the IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety
41、 (ICES) was approved. Specifically, two former Standards Coordinating Committees, IEEE SCC28 and SCC34 were combined into a single Type 2 Standards Coordinating Committee (SCC39), called ICES. IEEE SCC34 is now ICES Technical Committee 34 (TC34), and it consists of two subcommittees: Subcommittee 1
42、(SC1) for measurement techniques, and Subcommittee 2 (SC2) for numerical techniques. Due to the joint meetings and common interests of the two Subcommittees, they share the same membership. The scope of ICES TC34 is “The development of product performance standards relative to the safe use of electr
43、omagnetic energy for specific products that emit EM energy at frequencies between 0 and 300 GHz, i.e., the frequency range covered by the basic restrictions and maximum permissible exposure (MPE) values developed by the IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES).” ICES TC34 is res
44、ponsible for this recommended practice. Although the scope of ICES TC34 covers a variety of devices, this recommended practice is devoted exclusively to handsets used for personal wireless communication services. Standards developed by ICES TC34 are expressed in terms of easily measured parameters,
45、e.g., output power, current, voltage, which are related to the basic restrictions and MPE values found in the latest revisions of standards such as IEEE Std C95.1 and IEEE Std C95.6 B101.cIncluded in the scope are standards, guides, and recommended practices that describe measurement and computation
46、al protocols for evaluating the basic restrictions and derived limits found in the IEEE C95 standards and in other relevant national and international standards and guidelines. The SAR determined by following the procedures specified in this recommended practice is subject to measurement uncertainty
47、 and other uncertainties that are discussed in this document. This recommended practice does not address the measurement of SAR induced in the external tissues of the head, e.g., the external ear (pinna) and other parts of the body. The purpose of this recommended practice is to provide a protocol f
48、or the measurement of the peak spatial-average SAR in an anatomically equivalent model of the human head of users of wireless handsets intended to be operated while held next to the ear. It provides the users with standardized and accepted protocols, measurement and validation techniques, and the me
49、ans for estimating the overall measurement uncertainty in order to produce valid and repeatable data. Specific SAR limit values are not included since these are aThe Electromagnetic Energy Association was dissolved in 2000. bThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex K. cInformation on references can be found in Clause 2. Copyright 2013 IEEE. All rights reserved. xfound in other documents, e.g., the latest published versions of IEEE Std C95.1 and the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Gui
