1、IEEE Std 1568-2003IEEE Standards1568TMIEEE Recommended Practice forElectrical Sizing of Nickel-CadmiumBatteries for Rail Passenger VehiclesPublished by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA12 December 2003IEEE Vehicular Technology Soci
2、etySponsored by theRail Transit Vehicle Interface Standards CommitteeIEEE StandardsPrint: SH95145PDF: SS95145The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USACopyright 2003 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights r
3、eserved. Published 12 December 2003. Printed in the United States of America.IEEE is a registered trademarks in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educationalclassroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note:
4、Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject mat-ter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence orvalidity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE shall not be
5、responsible for identifying patentsfor which a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries into the legal validity orscope of those patents that are brought to its attention.Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroductionThis introduction is not part of IEEE Std
6、1568-2003, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrical Sizing of Nickel-Cad-mium Batteries for Rail Passenger Vehicles.The storage battery is of primary importance in ensuring the satisfactory operation of rail passenger vehicles.This recommended practice provides methods for electrical sizing of nicke
7、l-cadmium batteries for useaboard rail passenger vehicles. It is based on commonly accepted methods used to dene the load and toensure adequate battery capacity. The method described is applicable to all battery sizes.This recommended practice was prepared by the Electrical Sizing of Nickel-Cadmium
8、Batteries WorkingGroup of Rail Transit Vehicle Interface Standards Committee of the IEEE Vehicular Technology Society.When combined with IEEE Std 1476-2000, it will provide the user with a general guide to dening theloads and electrical sizing of nickel-cadmium batteries for rail passenger vehicles.
9、 ParticipantsAt the time this recommended practice was completed, the Working Group on the Electrical Sizing ofNickel-Cadmium Batteries for Rail Passenger Vehicles had the following membership:Alexander Sinyak,ChairThe following members of the balloting committee voted on this recommended practice.
10、Balloters may havevoted for approval, disapproval, or abstention.Jacques BoscherDick BrussDhiren ChakrabortyClaude GabrielSeyed HosseiniSachit KakkarTammy KrauseStanley KwaTed MavronicolasJames McDowallLarry MeisnerLawrence MireckiRich NiederbergerJohn PesuitNorman VutzVince YoungMarcos C. Albuquerq
11、ueRobert AndersonKarl BergerRobert J. DiSilvestroJim DietzJohn EwingClaude GabrielHarold C. GillenHarvey GlickensteinJerry L. GrahamRobert HeggestadJames R. HoelscherPaul E. JamiesonKevin D. JohnsonDon KaneRonald KangasAbe KannerWalter R. KeevilJames W. KempStanley KwaJohn LaForceDavid A. MaleThomas
12、 J. McGeanKamel MokhtechEdwin A. MortlockWilliam PetitDavid R. PhelpsVenkat Rao PindiproluAlan F. RumseyLouis SandersGene SansoneAlexander SinyakThomas J. SullivanArun VirginkarivCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this recommended practice on 12 June 2
13、003, it had the fol-lowing membership:Don Wright,ChairHoward M. Frazier,Vice ChairJudith Gorman,Secretary*Member EmeritusAlso included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons:Alan Cookson, NIST RepresentativeSatish K. Aggarwal, NRC RepresentativeAndrew IckowiczIEEE Standards Pro
14、ject EditorH. Stephen BergerJoe BruderBob DavisRichard DeBlasioJulian Forster*Toshio FukudaArnold M. GreenspanRaymond HapemanDonald M. HeirmanLaura HitchcockRichard H. HulettAnant JainLowell G. JohnsonJoseph L. Koepnger*Tom McGeanSteve MillsDaleep C. MohlaWilliam J. MoylanPaul NikolichGary RobinsonM
15、alcolm V. ThadenGeoffrey O. ThompsonDoug ToppingHoward L. WolfmanCopyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.vContents1. Overview 11.1 Scope 11.2 Purpose. 12. References 13. Definitions, abbreviations, and acronyms 23.1 Definitions 23.2 Abbreviations and acronyms 34. Defining loads 35. Cell type select
16、ion 45.1 Cell performance 45.2 Selection consideration 46. Determining battery size 56.1 Calculation of number of cells. 56.2 Additional considerations 66.3 Cell capacity calculation 86.4 Cell capacity calculation worksheet. 10Annex A (informative) Sample calculations 12Annex B (informative) State-o
17、f-charge factor 17Annex C (informative) Calculating capacity rating factors 19Annex D (informative) Bibliography . 20Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.1IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrical Sizing of Nickel-Cadmium Batteries for Rail Passenger Vehicles1. OverviewThis recommended practice d
18、escribes a method for dening the electrical load supplied by a nickel-cad-mium battery and for sizing the battery to supply that load. Necessary factors relating to cell selection areprovided for consideration. In order to utilize the methodology embodied in this recommended practice, it isnecessary
19、 it be used in conjunction with IEEE Std 1476-20001.1.1 ScopeThis recommended practice prescribes a method for electrical sizing of nickel-cadmium batteries for use onpassenger rail cars used for battery back up of low voltage dc auxiliary power systems. It encompasses allfactors that inuence the el
20、ectrical battery capacity requirements including loads, temperature, cycling,charging and discharging proles. It does not address physical sizing, qualication or testing of the batteries,and it does not apply to batteries used for motive power or engine starting.1.2 PurposeThis recommended practice
21、provides a standardized method for electrical sizing of nickel-cadmium batteriesfor application and use aboard rail passenger vehicles.2. ReferencesThis recommended practice should be used in conjunction with the following publications.IEC 60623 (2001-09), Secondary Cells and Batteries Containing Al
22、kaline or Other Non-Acid ElectrolytesVented Nickel-Cadmium Prismatic Rechargeable Single Cells.21Information on references can be found in Clause 2.2IEC publications are available from the Sales Department of the International Electrotechnical Commission, Case Postale 131, 3, ruede Varemb, CH-1211,
23、Genve 20, Switzerland/Suisse (http:/www.iec.ch/). IEC publications are also available in the United Statesfrom the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.IEEEStd 1568-2003 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL SIZING OF2Co
24、pyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.IEEE Std 1476-2000, IEEE Standard for Passenger Train Auxiliary Power Systems Interfaces.3,4IEEE Std 1536-2002, IEEE Standard for Rail Transit Vehicle Battery Physical Interface.3. Denitions, abbreviations, and acronyms 3.1 DenitionsFor the purposes of this rec
25、ommended practice, the following terms and denitions apply. IEEE 100, TheAuthoritative Dictionary of IEEE Standards TermsB3, should be referenced for terms not dened in thissubclause.3.1.1 aging factor:A quantitative factor expressing the degradation in the ability of the battery, due tousage, to de
26、liver electrical energy under specied operating conditions such as, but not limited to, operatingambient temperature, cycling, depth of discharge, and maintenance practices.NOTEThis is based on experience, application (cycling/oat service), and charging parameters.3.1.2 available capacity:The capaci
27、ty for a given discharge time and end-of-discharge voltage that can bewithdrawn from a cell under the specic conditions of operation.3.1.3 battery duty cycle:The loads a battery is expected to supply for specied time periods.3.1.4 constant current loads:A load that demands constant current even when
28、 the input voltage varies.NOTETypical of such loads is lighting when driven from an inverter ballast conguration.3.1.5 constant power load:A load that demands constant power from the source even when the voltagevalue drops such as when switching from the low-voltage power supply to the battery.NOTET
29、ypical of such loads are those that have their own built-in regulator such as propulsion control power supplies.3.1.6 fully charged capacity:state of the battery charge following a constant current charge. Considered tobe 100% state of charge of the new battery.NOTEConstant current charge in accorda
30、nce with IEC 60623.3.1.7 period:An interval of time in the battery duty cycle during which the load is assumed to be constantfor purposes of cell sizing calculations.3.1.8 rated capacity (nickel-cadmium cell):The capacity assigned to a nickel-cadmium cell by its manu-facturer for a specic constant c
31、urrent discharge, with a given discharge time, at a specied electrolyte tem-perature, to a given end-of-discharge voltage. The conditions used to establish rated capacity are based on aconstant current charge.NOTEConstant current charge in accordance with IEC 60623.3The IEEE standards or products re
32、ferred to in Clause 2 are trademarks owned by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Incorporated.4IEEE publications are available from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331, USA (http:/standards.ieee.org/).IEEENI
33、CKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR RAIL PASSENGER VEHICLES Std 1568-2003Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.33.1.9 resistive loads:Loads for which the current supplied by the low-voltage power supply/battery variesproportionally with the source voltage.NOTEThese loads will demand less current when the
34、source voltage is switched from the low-voltage power supply tothe battery. Typically, relays fall into this category.3.2 Abbreviations and acronymsAh ampere hoursAPTA American Public Transportation AssociationIEC International Electrotechnical CommissionIEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics
35、EngineersISO International Organization for StandardizationLVPS low voltage power supplySOC state of charge4. Dening loadsThe battery loads should be compiled in accordance with the requirements prescribed in 4.2.2 (Low-voltagedc loads) of IEEE Std 1476-2000. The loads should be expressed in watts a
36、t nominal LVPS output voltage asdened in Table 4 of IEEE Std 1476-2000. Constant power, constant current and resistive loads should begiven along with anticipated application time. If the authority having jurisdiction desires additional capacityto allow for expected additions to the low voltage dc s
37、ystem, those loads should be specied by the authorityhaving jurisdiction either in watts or as a percentage of a total load and added to the total load.Each time period when such power loads are unchanged is called a discharge period. The battery capacitycalculation using methodology described in 6.
38、3.2 of this recommended practice requires current loads foreach discharge period.The following equation may be used to derive the battery current from the power loads for each instant of thebattery discharge:(1)whereAis the battery discharge current in ampsPPis the constant power load in wattsPIis t
39、he constant current load in watts at nominal LVPS output voltagePRis the resistive load in watts at nominal LVPS output voltageVDis voltage drop from the battery to the loadVBis the voltage at the batteryVNis the nominal LVPS output voltageBattery voltage decreases as the battery discharges. The amo
40、unt by which the battery voltage decreasesdepends on the internal battery resistance and the load placed on the battery. The internal battery resistancein turn is dependent on the electrolyte temperature. Though this method will produce the most accurateresult, to perform such analyses requires info
41、rmation that may not be readily available from the batterymanufacturer.APPVBVD-PIVN-PRVN2- VBVD()+=IEEEStd 1568-2003 IEEE RECOMMENDED PRACTICE FOR ELECTRICAL SIZING OF4Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.To simplify calculation of the battery current, the battery voltage is assumed constant for
42、 the entire periodand equal to the average discharge voltage for that period. The information required to determine averagedischarge voltage should be provided by the battery manufacturer.NOTEDischarge curves (cell voltage versus percent of rated capacity) may provide the basis for determining avera
43、gedischarge voltage.Voltage drop in the wiring, provided by the car builder or the authority having jurisdiction, is assumed con-stant to simplify the calculations.The following equation should be used to derive the average battery discharge current for each dischargeperiod, APav:(2)whereAPavis the
44、average discharge current for the discharge periodVPavis the average battery discharge voltage for the discharge periodAn example in A.2 demonstrates this method of deriving the battery current from the power loads.5. Cell type selectionThis clause describes factors that should be considered in sele
45、cting a cell type for a particular application.Various cell designs have different charge, discharge, and aging characteristics under specic operatingconditions.5.1 Cell performanceAll nickel-cadmium cells used in applications covered by this recommended practice are categorized by thecell performan
46、ce, as dened in IEC 60623. Generally, cells with plates designated as H or X are used forloads requiring high discharge currents of short duration. Cells with L-plates are used for loads of long dura-tion. Cells with M-plates are used for loads requiring combined performance. 5.2 Selection considera
47、tionThe following factors should be considered in the selection of the cell type:a) Physical characteristics such as dimensions and weight of the cells as described in IEEE Std 1536-2002, container material, inter-cell connectors, and terminals;b) Expected service life of the cells (aging)c) Frequen
48、cy and depth of discharge;d) Discharge characteristics;e) Ambient battery temperature;f) Charging characteristics;g) Maintenance requirements;h) Ventilation requirements;i) Shock and vibration requirements;j) Flammability / Smoke emission / Toxicity requirements.APavPPVPavVD-PIVN-PRVN2- VPavVD()+=IE
49、EENICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES FOR RAIL PASSENGER VEHICLES Std 1568-2003Copyright 2003 IEEE. All rights reserved.5The battery manufacturer should provide detailed cell performance characteristics to allow proper selectionand sizing of a battery for the specic application.6. Determining battery sizeSeveral basic factors govern the size (number of cells and rated capacity) of the battery. Included are theminimum and maximum operating voltages, the duty cycle, design margi
