1、IEEE Std 1597.1-2008IEEE Standard for Validation ofComputational ElectromagneticsComputer Modeling and Simulations IEEE3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997, USA18 May 2009 IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Sponsored by theStandards Development Committee 1597.1TMIEEE Std 1597.1-2008 IEEE St
2、andard for Validation of Computational Electromagnetics Computer Modeling and Simulations Sponsor Standards Development Committee of the IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Society Approved 10 December 2008 IEEE-SA Standards Board Abstract: A method to validate computational electromagnetics computer
3、 modeling and simulation techniques, codes, and models is defined in this standard. It is applicable to a wide variety of electromagnetic applications including, but not limited to, the fields of electromagnetic compatibility, radar cross section, signal integrity, and antennas. Validation of a part
4、icular solution data set can be achieved by comparison to the data set obtained by measurements, alternate codes, canonical, or analytic methods. Keywords: antennas, computational electromagnetics, convergence, electromagnetic compatibility, electromagnetic interference, modeling and simulation, num
5、erical techniques, radar cross section, rating scale, signal integrity, validation The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 3 Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5997, USA Copyright 2009 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published 18 M
6、ay 2009. Printed in the United States of America. IEEE is a registered trademark in the U.S. Patent +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Introduction This introduction i
7、s not part of IEEE Std 1597.1-2008, IEEE Standard for Validation of Computational Electromagnetics Computer Modeling and Simulations. Since the mid-1960s, a number of computational electromagnetics (CEM) techniques have been developed and numerical codes have been generated to analyze various electr
8、omagnetic compatibility (EMC) and related electromagnetics problems. Whereas each is based on classical electromagnetic theory and implements Maxwells equations in one form or another, these techniques and the manner in which they are used to analyze a given problem, can produce quite different resu
9、lts. Lacking is the availability of a well-defined, mature, and robust methodology for validating computational electromagnetic techniques within a consistent level of accuracy. Indeed, this has eluded the EMC community for many years and methods have been sought to address this deficiency. Concerns
10、 persist regarding the validity, accuracy, and applicability of existing numerical techniques to the general class of EMC problems of interest. Relevant problems include, but are not limited to, the following: printed circuit board radiated and conducted emissions/immunity, system-level EMC, radar c
11、ross section of complex structures, antenna radiation, large platform electromagnetic environment effects, and human body specific absorption rate. Although these techniques and codes have been applied to a myriad of electromagnetic problems, uncertainty still exists and current validation practices
12、 have not always proven reliable. Computer predictions have been compared to measurements to provide a first-order validation, but there is also much interest in how the techniques, when applied to a given problem or a class of problems, compare to each other and the fundamental theory upon which th
13、ey are based. Hence, additional efforts are needed to establish a standardized method for validating these techniques and to instill confidence in them. Therefore, the purpose of this first-of-its-kind standard is to define the specific process and steps that shall be used to validate CEM techniques
14、 and to significantly reduce uncertainty as it pertains to their implementation and application to practical EMC problem-solving tasks. The standardized process, based on the Feature Selective Validation (FSV) method, is used to validate various techniques against each other as well as against measu
15、rement baselines, in order to determine the degree of agreement or convergence and to identify the potential error sources that would lead to divergent trends. This standard is the first of a two-part family of standards on this subject. A companion, IEEE P1597.2, Draft Recommended Practice for Vali
16、dation of Computational Electromagnetics Computer Modeling and Simulation B40,ahas been developed that provides examples and problem sets to be used in the validation of CEM computer modeling and simulation techniques, codes, and models. It is applicable to a wide variety of electromagnetic applicat
17、ions. The recommended practice, in conjunction with this standard, shows how to validate a particular solution data set by comparing it to the data set obtained by measurements, alternate codes, canonical, or analytic methods. The key areas addressed include model accuracy, convergence, and techniqu
18、es or code validity for a given set of canonical, benchmark, and standard validation models. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any applicable r
19、egulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be construe
20、d as doing so. aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex A. iv Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference,
21、 in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering practices and methods. By making this document available for use and adoption by public authorities and private users, the IEEE does not waive any rights in copyright to this document. Upd
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25、is and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/reading/ieee/updates/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/rea
26、ding/ieee/interp/ index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connec
27、tion therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Le
28、tter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or nondiscriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information
29、may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. v Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. Participants At the time this standard was submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board for approval, the Computational Electromagnetics Working Group had the fol
30、lowing membership: Andrew L. Drozd, Chair Bruce R. Archambeault, Vice Chair Charles Bunting, Secretary Vignesh Rajamani, Assistant Secretary Bronwyn Brench, Technical Editor Colin Brench Heinz Bruns Darren Carpenter Samuel Connor Alistair Duffy James Durbano Jun Fan Heyno Garbe Doug Howard Antonio O
31、rlandi Al Ruehli Christian Schuster Hermann Singer The following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. Bruce R. Archambeault David Baron James Case Keith Chow Kevin Coggins Brian Cramer Thomas Dineen A
32、ndrew L. Drozd Alistair Duffy Randall Groves Werner Hoelzl Lars Juhlin Efthymios Karabetsos Chad Kiger Gary Michel Michael S. Newman Ghery Pettit Ulrich Pohl Markus Riederer Bartien Sayogo Thomas Starai Walter Struppler Marcy Stutzman Thomas Tullia John Vergis Barry Wallen When the IEEE-SA Standards
33、 Board approved this standard on 10 December 2008, it had the following membership: Robert M. Grow, Chair Thomas Prevost, Vice Chair Steve M. Mills, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Victor Berman Richard DeBlasio Andy Drozd Mark Epstein Alexander Gelman William Goldbach Arnie Greenspan Ken Hanus
34、Jim Hughes Richard Hulett Young Kyun Kim Joseph L. Koepfinger* John Kulick David J. Law Glenn Parsons Ron Petersen Chuck Powers Narayanan Ramachandran Jon Walter Rosdahl Anne-Marie Sahazizian Malcolm Thaden Howard Wolfman Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA
35、Standards Board liaisons: Satish K. Aggarwal, NRC Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Lisa Perry IEEE Standards Project Editor Bill Ash IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Contents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 1.3 Background 1 2. Acronyms . 2 3.
36、 Computational electromagnetics modeling and simulation validation process 3 3.1 General 3 3.2 Levels of model validation 4 3.3 Preparation for validation using engineering judgment . 4 3.4 External references or self-references 5 4. External references for model validation 6 4.1 General 6 4.2 Stand
37、ard problem references . 6 4.3 Closed-form equation references . 6 4.4 Measurement references 6 4.5 Alternate modeling technique-derived reference . 7 5. Self-references for model validation 8 5.1 General 8 5.2 Convergence-based self-referenced models 8 5.3 Geometry-based self-referenced models 9 6.
38、 Numerical calculation of the validation rating using the Feature Selective Validation procedure . 9 6.1 General 9 6.2 Feature Selective Validation 9 6.3 Validation Rating Scale . 10 6.4 Procedure . 11 6.5 Grade and spread . 16 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . 17 Annex B (informative) Guidelines
39、 on the selection of CEM techniques and codes . 22 Annex C (informative) Definitions of CEM techniques . 26 vii Copyright 2009 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Standard for Validation of Computational Electromagnetics Computer Modeling and Simulations IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended t
40、o ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection in all circumstances. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or regulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to impo
41、rtant notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Concerning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at h
42、ttp:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This standard defines a method to validate computational electromagnetics (CEM) computer modeling and simulation (M however, if any of the described cases apply, time may be saved if an error can be identified early. 4 Copyright 200
43、9 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Std 1597.1-2008 IEEE Standard for Validation of Computational Electromagnetics Computer Modeling and Simulations a) Some of the different simulation techniques (such as MoM and Partial Element Equivalent Circuit PEEC) will calculate the currents over the entire stru
44、cture. The radiated electric fields are determined from the currents. These currents provide significant insight to the computational results validity. Viewing the currents at specific frequencies, especially near resonance, permits the user to observe the standing wave patterns, behavior in the are
45、as of discontinuities, and breaks in the metal surfaces. The currents should not vary rapidly in adjacent patches or segments, and should be near zero at the ends of wires or planes. If these requirements are not met, it indicates that there is a problem with the model. b) When using time-domain sim
46、ulation techniques (such as Finite-Difference Time Domain FDTD, PEEC, and Transmission Line Method TLM), the fields, currents, or voltages are found for all the cells within the computational domain for each time step. Typically, the final result desired is the field strength at a specific location
47、or number of locations. However, viewing the fields, currents, or voltages as they propagate through the computational domain can provide significant insight to the computational results validity. c) While observing the fields within a volume-based, time-domain, simulation technique (such as FDTD an
48、d TLM), the user should observe the field animation to ensure that the fields were not reflected from the computational boundary, they did propagate past all observation points, and all resonances were dampened to a sufficient point to indicate that the simulation is complete. Simply observing the f
49、inal field results at some location is not a guarantee that all the above possible effects were properly simulated. d) Time-domain simulation techniques that are current- or voltage-based (such as PEEC and TLM) are especially useful for circuit board models. The animation of the currents or voltages may be observed to ensure that the intentional signal propagates along the intended path, and that any resonances are dampened to a sufficient point to indicate that the simulation is complete. e) Under some circumstances, it is possible to use known quantities to v
