1、 Recognized as an American National Standard (ANSI) IEEE Std 241-1990 (Revision of IEEE Std 241-1983)IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in Commercial BuildingsSponsorPower Systems Engineering Committeeof theIEEE Industry Applications SocietyApproved December 6, 1990IEEE Standards B
2、oardApproved May 17, 1991American National Standards InstituteAbstract: A guide and general reference on electrical design for commercial buildings is provided. It coversload characteristics; voltage considerations; power sources and distribution apparatus; controllers;services, vaults, and electric
3、al equipment rooms; wiring systems; systems protection and coordination;lighting; electric space conditioning; transportation; communication systems planning; facility automation;expansion, modernization, and rehabilitation; special requirements by occupancy; and electrical energymanagement. Althoug
4、h directed to the power oriented engineer with limited commercial buildingexperience, it can be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of commercial buildings.This recommended practice is not intended to be a complete handbook; however, it can direct the engineerto texts, peri
5、odicals, and references for commercial buildings and act as a guide through the myriad ofcodes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE, other professional associations, and governmentalbodies.Keywords: Commercial buildings, electric power systems, load characteristicsThe Institute of Electri
6、cal and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1991 byThe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1991Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 1-55937-088-2Library of Congress Catalog Number 91-073747No
7、part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without theprior permission of the publisher.IEEE Standardsdocuments are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the StandardsCoordinating Committees of the IEEE Standa
8、rds Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily and withoutcompensation. They are not necessarily members of the Institute. The standards developed within IEEE represent aconsensus of the broad expertise on the subject within the Institute as well as those activities outside of IEEE whichhave
9、 expressed an interest in participating in the development of the standard.Use of an IEEE Standards is wholly voluntary. The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply that there are noother ways to produce, test, measure, purchase, market, or provide other goods and services related to the scope
10、of theIEEE Standard. Furthermore, the viewpoint expressed at the time a standard is approved and issued is subject tochange brought about through developments in the state of the art and comments received from users of the standard.Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at least once every ve ye
11、ars for revision or reafrmation. When adocument is more than ve years old, and has not been reafrmed, it is reasonable to conclude that its contents,although still of some value, do not wholly reect the present state of the art. Users are cautioned to check to determinethat they have the latest edit
12、ion of any IEEE Standard.Comments for revision of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party, regardless of membership afliationwith IEEE. Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a proposed change of text, together withappropriate supporting comments.Interpretations:
13、Occasionally questions may arise regarding the meaning of portions of standards as they relate tospecic applications. When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention of IEEE, the Institute will initiateaction to prepare appropriate responses. Since IEEE Standards represent a consensus
14、of all concerned interests, it isimportant to ensure that any interpretation has also received the concurrence of a balance of interests. For this reasonIEEE and the members of its technical committee are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requestsexcept in those cases where t
15、he matter has previously received formal consideration.Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary, IEEE Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O. Box 1331Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331USAInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.IEEE recommended practice for el
16、ectric power systems in commercial buildings/sponsor, Power Systems EngineeringCommittee of the IEEE Industry Applications Society; approved December 6, 1990 by IEEE Standards Board,approved May 17, 1991 by American National Standards Institue.p. cm.“IEEE Std 241-1990 (Revision of IEEE Std 241-1983
17、).“Recognized as an American national standard (ANSI).“Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBM 1-55937-088-21. Commercial buildings-Power supply. 2. Commercial buildings-Electric equipment. I. IEEE Industry ApplicationsSociety. Power Systems Engineering Committee. II. IEEE Standards Board
18、. III. American National StandardsInstitute. IV. Title. V. Title: Insititute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers recommended practice for electric powersystems in commercial buildings.TK4035.M37157 1991621.31924-dc20IEEE Standards documents are adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electron
19、ics Engineers without regard towhether their adoption may involve patents on articles, materials, or processes. Such adoption does not assumeany liability to any patent owner, nor does it assume any obligation whatever to parties adopting the standardsdocuments.ivForeword(This Foreword is not a part
20、 of IEEE Std 241-1990, IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Systems in CommercialBuildings.)The purpose of IEEE Std 241-1990, the Gray Book, is to promote the use of sound engineering principles in thedesign of commercial buildings. It is hoped that it will alert the electrical engineer or d
21、esigner to the many problemsthat can be encountered in designing electrical systems for commercial buildings and to develop a concern for theprofessional aspects of commercial building engineering. The Gray Book is not intended to be a complete handbook;however, it will direct the engineer to texts,
22、 periodicals, and references pertaining to commercial buildings and willalso act as a guide through the myriad of codes, standards, and practices published by the IEEE and other professionalassociations and governmental bodies.The fourth edition of this recommended practice has been written to updat
23、e readers on the state of the art and ensurequality electrical engineering design for commercial buildings. Material contained in previous editions of this bookhas been reused or updated, where practical.All of the previous contributions to the Gray Book are hereby thanked by the present working gro
24、up for their diligenceand dedication; there would not have been a fourth edition without their many contributions to the technical accuracyand substance of this recommended practice.At the time it recommended these practices, the working group of the Power Systems Committee had the followingmembers:
25、Thomas E. Sparling, Chair Tarif AbboushiRobert AtkinsonJerry BaskinC. E. BeckerSid BenjaminDoug BorsD. S. BreretonArthur BushingRen CastenschioldKao ChenJames M. DalyTom DeGenaroM. J. DeLernoEdward A. DonoghueRalph DrosteJames R. DuncanJoseph EtoJerry FrankArthur FreundPhilip E. GannonW. G. GennStev
26、e GobleDaniel L. GoldbergBrad GustafsonEd HammerJohn HenningsBarry N. HornbergerLawrence HogrebeR. Gerald IrvineAndrew JuhaszDouglas R. KanitzLarry KellyE. A. KhanIsaac KopecF. W. KussyRichard LennigDan LoveZach R. McCainDavid MooreHugh O. NashPatrick NassifPhilip NobileJames W. PatersonJames Pfaffl
27、inMichael PoliacofSimon RicoDonald R. RossVincent SaporitaSteve SchafferS. SenguptaRobert L. SeymourLester Smith, Jr.Robert L. Smith, Jr.Gary T. SmullinDonald SparlingWayne StebbinsJohn D. StolshekPaul StrodesElmer SumkaS. I. VenugopalanRudolph R. VerderberLeonard D. WhalenDonald W. ZipsevWhen the I
28、EEE Standards Board approved this standard on December 6, 1990, it had the following membership:Marco W. Migliaro, Chair James M. Daly, Vice Chair Andrew G. Salem, Secretary Dennis BodsonPaul L. BorrillFletcher J. BuckleyAllen L. ClappStephen R. DillonDonald C. FleckensteinJay Forster*Thomas L. Hann
29、anKenneth D. HendrixJohn W. HorchJoseph L. Koepfinger*Irving KolodnyMichael A. LawlerDonald J. LoughryJohn E May, Jr.Lawrence V. McCallL. Bruce McClungDonald T. Michael*Stig NilssonRoy T. OishiGary S. RobinsonTerrance R. WhittemoreDonald W. Zipse*Member EmeritusviWorking Group Members and Contributo
30、rsThomas E. Sparling, ChairChapter 1 Introduction:Daniel L. Goldberg, Chair; Arthur Freund, R. Gerald Irvine, Isaac Kopec, Philip Nobile,Donald W. ZipseChapter 2 Load Characteristics:Douglas R. Kanitz, Chair; Arthur Bushing, R. Gerald Irvine, Lester Smith, Jr.Chapter 3 Voltage Considerations:Gary T.
31、 Smullin, Chair; C. E. Becker, D. S. Brereton, S. I. VenugopalanChapter 4 Power Sources and Distribution Systems:R. Gerald Irvine, Chair; Vincent Saporita, Tom DeGeneroChapter 5 Power Distribution Apparatus:Jerry Baskin and Jerry Frank, Co-Chairs; C. E. Becker, Daniel L.Goldberg, Lawrence Hogrebe, S
32、imon Rico, S. SenguptaChapter 6 Controllers:Ren Castenschiold, Chair; M. J. DeLerno, W. G. Genn, F. W. Kussy, S. SenguptaChapter 7 Services, Vaults, and Electrical Equipment Rooms:James W. Patterson, Chair; Barry N. Hornberger,Thomas E. SparlingChapter 8 Wiring Systems:James M. Daly, Chair; R. Geral
33、d Irvine, Larry KellyChapter 9 System Protection and Coordination:Robert L. Smith, Jr., Chair; Jerry Baskin, Tom DeGenaro, SteveGoble, R. Gerald Irvine, E. A. Khan, Dan Love, Steve Schaffer, Thomas E. SparlingChapter 10 Lighting:John D. Stolshek, Chair; Ed Hammer, Lawrence Hogrebe, Donald R. Ross, R
34、udolph R.Verderber.Chapter 11 Electric Space Conditioning:James R. Pfafn, Chair; Daniel L. Goldberg, John Hennings, ThomasE. SparlingChapter 12 Transportation:Edward R. Donaghue and Robert L. Seymour, Co-Chairs; Sid Benjamin, RenCastenschiold, Ralph Droste, Andrew Juhasz, Zach R. McCain, Elmer Sumka
35、Chapter 13 Communication and Signal System Planning:James R. Duncan, Chair; Doug Bors, R. GeraldIrvine, David MooreChapter 14 Facility Automation:Philip E. Gannon, Chair; Daniel L. Goldberg, Brad Gustafson, R. Gerald Irvine,Richard Lennig, Patrick Nassif, Paul StrodesChapter 15 Expansion, Modernizat
36、ion, and Rehabilitation:Daniel L. Goldberg, Chair; Arthur Freund, R.Gerald Irvine, Michael Poliacof, Leonard D. WhalenChapter 16 Special Requirements by Occupancy:Thomas E. Sparling, Chair(excluding 16.13) and Hugh O.Nash, Chair(16.13); Tarif Abboushi, Robert Atkinson, Daniel L. Goldberg, Donald Spa
37、rlingChapter 17 Electrical Energy Management:C. E. Becker, Chair; Kao Chen, Joseph Eto, Daniel L. Goldberg,Wayne StebbinsviiCLAUSE PAGE1. Introduction.11.1 Scope 11.2 Commercial Buildings . 31.3 The Industry Applications Society (IAS). 41.4 IEEE Publications 51.5 Professional Registration . 51.6 Cod
38、es and Standards 61.7 Handbooks . 81.8 Periodicals 91.9 Manufacturers Data . 101.10 Safety . 101.11 Maintenance . 111.12 Design Considerations . 121.13 Estimating 151.14 Contracts 161.15 Building Access and Loading 161.16 Contractor Performance . 161.17 Environmental Considerations. 171.18 Technical
39、 Files . 171.19 Electronic Systems. 181.20 Power Supply Disturbances . 181.21 Definitions 191.22 References 242. Load Characteristics252.1 General Discussion 252.2 Load Characteristics. 312.3 Electromagnetic Hazards, Pollution, and Environmental Quality . 402.4 Additions to Existing Systems . 412.5
40、Total Load Considerations . 422.6 Example Sample Partial Load Calculation for an Office Building. 462.7 References 493. Voltage Considerations .503.1 General Discussion 503.2 Voltage Control in Electric Power Systems. 543.3 Voltage Selection . 633.4 Voltage Ratings for Utilization Equipment . 653.5
41、Effect of Voltage Variation on Utilization Equipment 663.6 Calculation of Voltage Drops 703.7 Improvement of Voltage Conditions 823.8 Voltage-Drop Considerations in Locating the Low-Voltage Power Source 833.9 Momentary Voltage Variations Voltage Dips. 833.10 Calculation of Voltage Dips. 853.11 Phase
42、 Voltage Unbalance in Three-Phase Systems . 873.12 Harmonic Voltages 913.13 Transient Overvoltages 933.14 References 943.15 Bibliography. 95viiiCLAUSE PAGE4. Power Sources and Distribution Systems .954.1 General Discussion 954.2 Electric Power Supply 954.3 Interrelated Utility and Project Factors Th
43、at Influence Design . 1014.4 Electric Utility Metering and Billing . 1024.5 Transformer Connections. 1074.6 Principal Transformer Secondary Connections . 1084.7 System Grounding 1094.8 Distribution Circuit Arrangements. 1114.9 Emergency and Standby Power Systems . 1244.10 Uninterruptible Power Suppl
44、y (UPS) Systems 1304.11 Voltage Regulation and Power Factor Correction . 1444.12 System Reliability Analysis . 1444.13 References 1455. Power Distribution Apparatus.1475.1 General Discussion 1475.2 Transformers 1485.3 Medium- and High-Voltage Fuses. 1575.4 Metal-Enclosed 5-34.5 kV Interrupter Switch
45、gear 1625.5 Metal-Clad 5-34.5 kV Circuit Breaker Switchgear 1635.6 Metal-Enclosed, Low-Voltage 600 V Power Switchgear and Circuit Breakers 1655.7 Metal-Enclosed Distribution Switchboards . 1675.8 Primary-Unit Substations. 1685.9 Secondary-Unit Substations. 1685.10 Panelboards 1695.11 Molded-Case Cir
46、cuit Breakers. 1715.12 Low-Voltage Fuses 1725.13 Service Protectors 1765.14 Enclosed Switches 1765.15 Bolted Pressure Switches and High-Pressure Contact Switches 1775.16 Network Protectors 1785.17 Lightning and System Transient Protection. 1795.18 Load Transfer Devices . 1815.19 Interlock Systems. 1
47、855.20 Remote Control Contactors 1855.21 Equipment Ratings. 1885.22 References 1885.23 Bibliography. 1906. Controllers.1916.1 General Discussion 1916.2 Starting . 1926.3 Protection . 1976.4 Special Features . 2006.5 Control Systems . 2016.6 Low-Voltage Starters and Controllers . 2046.7 Multiple-Spee
48、d Controllers 206ixCLAUSE PAGE6.8 Fire Pump Controllers 2076.9 Medium-Voltage Starters and Controllers . 2076.10 Synchronous Motor Starters. 2086.11 DC Motor Controls 2086.12 Pilot Devices 2086.13 Speed Control of DC Motors . 2116.14 Speed Control of AC Motors . 2126.15 Power System Harmonics from A
49、djustable Speed Motor Controls. 2136.16 References 2137. Services, Vaults, and Electrical Equipment Rooms2137.1 Incoming Lines and Service Laterals. 2137.2 Service Entrance Installations 2177.3 Vaults and Pads for Service Equipment. 2237.4 Network Vaults for High-Rise Buildings. 2247.5 Service Rooms and Electrical Closets . 2277.6 References 2288. Wiring Systems .2288.1 Introduction 2288.2 Cable Systems 2288.3 Cable Construction. 2298.4 Cable Outer Finishes 2398.5 Cable Ratings . 2438.6 Installation 2498.7 Connectors . 2568.8
