1、g3g3g3IEEE Guide for the Application, Operation, and Coordination of High- Voltage (1000 V) Current-Limiting Fusesg3Sponsored by the Switchgear Committeeg3IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 3 April 2012 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portions of any individual standa
2、rd for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. ivNotice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard
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8、isted previously. For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit IEEE-SA Website at http:/standards.ieee.org/index.html. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/
9、findstds/errata/index.html. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken by the IEE
10、E with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. If a patent holder or patent applicant has filed a statement of assurance via an Accepted Letter of Assurance, then the statement is listed on the IEEE-SA Website at http:/standards.ieee.org/about/sasb/patcom/p
11、atents.html. Letters of Assurance may indicate whether the Submitter is willing or unwilling to grant licenses under patent rights without compensation or under reasonable rates, with reasonable terms and conditions that are demonstrably free of any unfair discrimination to applicants desiring to ob
12、tain such licenses. Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. vEssential Patent Claims may exist for which a Letter of Assurance has not been received. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conducting inquiries into the legal val
13、idity or scope of Patents Claims, or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of
14、the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. Participants At the time this IEEE guide was completed, the Revision of Fuse Standards Working Group had the
15、following membership: John G. Leach, Chair Glenn R. Borchardt, Secretary Chris Ambrose Nicholas Brusky Samuel Chang Dan Gardner Stephen P. Hassler Gary Haynes Frank G. Ladonne Frank C. Lambert Chris Lettow James R. Marek Sean Moody Frank J. Muench Donald M. Parker R. Neville Parry Timothy Royster Ma
16、rk W. Stavnes Bill Walter Alan Yerges Janusz Zawadzki The High-Voltage Fuses Subcommittee that authorized the formation of the balloting group had the following membership: John G. Leach, Chair Frank J. Muench, Secretary John G. Angelis Glenn R. Borchardt Dan Gardner Stephen P. Hassler Gary Haynes F
17、rank G. Ladonne Chris Lettow James R. Marek Donald M. Parker R. Neville Parry R. Kris Ranjan Timothy Royster John S. Schaffer Mark W. Stavnes Alan Yerges Janusz Zawadzki Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. viThis document was sponsored by the Switchgear Committee of the IEEE Power and Energy S
18、ociety. When this document was approved, the members of the Switchgear Committee had the following membership: Ken Edwards, Chair Ted Olsen, Vice Chair Paul B. Sullivan, Secretary Michael Wactor, Standards Coordinator Roy Alexander Chris Ambrose Michael Anderson John G. Angelis Mauricio Aristizabal
19、Charles J. Ball Paul D. Barnhart L. Ronald Beard Robert Behl W. J. (Bill) Bergman Stan Billings Antone Bonner Anne Bosma John Brunke Ted Burse Eldridge Byron Ray Capra Chih Chow Frank DeCesaro Patrick DiLillo Alexander Dixon Randall Dotson Denis Dufournet Peter W. Dwyer Douglas Edwards Leslie Falkin
20、gham Lawrence Farr Keith Flowers Marcel Fortin David Galicia Mietek Glinkowski S. S. (Dave) Gohil Keith I. Gray Helmut Heiermeier Luther Holloman Danny Hoss James Houston Richard Jackson Cory Johnson Harry Josten Dan Konkle Stephen Lambert John G. Leach Dave Lemmerman George Lester Hua Ying Liu R. L
21、ong James R. Marek Frank Mayle Deepak Mazumdar Nigel P. McQuin Steven Meiners Jeffery Mizener Georges Montillet Anne F. Morgan Charles Morse Frank J. Muench Yasin Musa Jeffrey Nelson Paul Notarian Michael Orosz Donald M. Parker Robert J. Puckett Carl Reigart Timothy Royster Roderick Sauls Devki Shar
22、ma Michael D. Sigmon R. Kirkland Smith H. M. Smith James Smith David Stone Alan D. Storms James Swank Thomas Tobin Charles Wagner John Webb John Wood Rich York Janusz ZawadzkiCopyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiThe following members of the individual balloting committee voted on this guide.
23、 Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Satish Aggarwal Chris Ambrose Michael Baldwin Steven Bezner Glenn R. Borchardt Harvey Bowles Jeffrey Bragg Steven Brockschink Chris Brooks William Byrd Eldridge Byron Thomas Callsen Jerry Corkran Glenn Davis Gary
24、 Donner Edgar Dullni Gary Engmann C. Erven Dan Evans Marcel Fortin Fredric Friend Daniel Gardner Mietek Glinkowski Edwin Goodwin Randall Groves John Harder Timothy Hayden Gary Haynes Gary Heuston David Horvath Richard Jackson Edward Jankowich Andrew Jones John Kay Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Chung-Yi
25、u Lam Stephen Lambert Benjamin Lanz John G. Leach R. Long Greg Luri William McBride Georges Montillet Sean Moody Daniel Mulkey Jerry Murphy Dennis Neitzel Arthur Neubauer Michael S. Newman Joe Nims Ted Olsen Lorraine Padden Mirko Palazzo Donald M. Parker R. Neville Parry Christopher Petrola Iulian P
26、rofir Michael Roberts Timothy Robirds Charles Rogers Timothy Royster Thomas Rozek Bartien Sayogo James Smith Jerry Smith Gary Stoedter David Tepen John Vergis William H. Walter John Wang Kenneth White Charles Worthington Jian Yu Janusz Zawadzki When the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved this guide on
27、 7 December 2011, it had the following membership:Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert M. Grow, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Masayuki Ariyoshi William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe Faure Alexander Gelman Paul Houz Jim Hughes Joseph L. Koepfinger* D
28、avid J. Law Thomas Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Walter Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Phil Winston Howard Wolfman Don Wright *Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarwal, NRC Representative Rich
29、ard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Michelle Turner IEEE Standards Program Manager, Document Development Erin Spiewak IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program Development Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. viiiIntroduction This introduction is not pa
30、rt of IEEE Std C37.48.1-2011, IEEE Guide for the Application, Operation, and Coordination of High-Voltage (1000 V) Current-Limiting Fuses. During the process of determining the need for revising IEEE standards to include the category of “full-range” current-limiting fuses, users and specifiers, both
31、 at utilities and at manufacturers, were surveyed. This survey revealed that additional information to that then available from fuse standards needed to be made available to the specifiers and users of all types of high-voltage current-limiting fuses to avoid confusion between the different types, a
32、nd their capabilities. As a result, the High-Voltage Fuses Subcommittee of the IEEE Power consult the manufacturer for more information. 4.5 Comparison of current-limiting versus expulsion and other types of non-current-limiting fuses All fuse types have the following characteristics, namely: a) The
33、y can carry continuous current. b) They are intended to interrupt abnormal overcurrents and isolate circuits. Their melting and interrupting time characteristics can be coordinated with those of other circuit overcurrent protective devices. c) They all interrupt the circuit at a modified or normal c
34、urrent zero, by having a dielectric recovery that is greater than the TRV imposed by the power distribution system, thus limiting the duration of a fault or overload current. d) They all dissipate the arc energy released in the fuse to reduce the likelihood of thermal breakdown after current zero. H
35、owever, there are other interrupting characteristics that divide fuses into separate types. The differences are primarily seen when the current is such that fuse melting occurs before the first major peak of a fault current. Expulsion and other types of non-current-limiting fuses essentially allow t
36、he full peak of the IEEE Std C37.48.1-2011 IEEE Guide for the Application, Operation, and Coordination of High-Voltage (1000 V) Current-Limiting Fuses Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. 8available fault current to pass until the current is interrupted at a normal current zero of the circuit.
37、Figure 2a shows an expulsion fuse melting under these conditions. There is no significant arc resistance and so no significant arc voltage. As a result the current that flows is almost the same as if the fuse had not melted. At the first natural current zero, the arc is extinguished (as at every cur
38、rent zero). If the dielectric strength of the gap in the fuse, produced by the arcing, is sufficient to withstand the circuit recovery voltage (including any transient caused by parallel circuit capacitance) the current is not re-established (as seen in Figure 2a). In practice, whether additional lo
39、ops of current flow depends on factors such as the fault-current magnitude, the fault initiation timing, and the fuse size and design. Because the circuits normal current zero is typically not close to the voltage zero, a high TRV may occur. Common examples of fuses that exhibit this behavior are ex
40、pulsion, vacuum, SF6, boric acid, liquid, and some electronically-actuated fuses. Prospective current2A Expulsion fuse operation2B Current-limiting fuse operationSystem VoltageFuse Arc VoltageTRVTRVRecovery VoltageRecovery VoltageFuse Arc VoltageProspective currentPeak overvoltageVoltageacross thefu
41、seFuse melts Fuse meltsCurrentthroughthe fuseFigure 2 Expulsion fuse and current-limiting fuse operation Current-limiting fuses, by contrast, can limit faults in magnitude and duration when they melt before the first major peak of the fault current. A current-limiting or “current zero forcing” fuse
42、begins limiting the rising fault current as soon as its element melts and thus prevents the current from reaching its prospective peak value. The current-limiting action results from melting of a rather long fuse element that interacts with the constraining and cooling medium (typically sand), to in
43、troduce a quickly rising equivalent resistance into the fault circuit. Figure 2b shows a current-limiting fuse carrying a fault current that causes it to melt before the first peak. As soon as the fuse arc voltage equals the system instantaneous voltage, the current peak occurs. After this the curre
44、nt falls and the fuse arc voltage exceeds the system voltage because circuit inductive voltage opposes the falling current and adds to the system voltage. The fuse changes a high-current, low power factor fault circuit into a lower current, higher power factor circuit. As a result, the current is fo
45、rced to near zero well before the normal current zero of the circuit and close to the voltage zero. This typically occurs within less than 1/2 cycle of the fault initiation. Because the current zero is moved close to the voltage zero, low TRVs result. The operation of current-limiting fuses will be
46、expanded upon in 4.6.2. The various types of current-limiting fuses include commutating, as well as non-commutating, electronically actuated fuses. IEEE Std C37.48.1-2011 IEEE Guide for the Application, Operation, and Coordination of High-Voltage (1000 V) Current-Limiting Fuses Copyright 2012 IEEE.
47、All rights reserved. 9For a more thorough explanation of fuse theory, see Annex A. The energy released into the fault is proportional to the duration of the fault and square of the fault current (or I2t). This energy is primarily responsible for the destructive effects of faults. Current-limiting fu
48、ses significantly reduce these effects. Mechanical forces due to magnetic effects of peak currents are also limited. The reduced fault current and duration result in lower stress on all of the equipment that makes up the protected circuit when a fault is cleared by a current-limiting fuse. Other dis
49、tinguishing characteristics of current-limiting fuses are that they are virtually noiseless and do not usually discharge arc products. For some applications, these factors are an important consideration in fuse selection. Additional features provided by each fuse type are referenced in 4.6. 4.6 Fuse construction and operation 4.6.1 General In the preceding paragraphs, arc voltage has been shown to be the primary criterion that differentiates various types of fuse. Table 2 compares other characteristics (under high-current-interrupting conditions) for various types of fuse.
