1、g3g3g3IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Liquid-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers Sponsored by the Transformers Committee g3IEEE 3 Park Avenue New York, NY 10016-5997 USA 27 January 2012 IEEE Power +1 978 750 8400. Permission to photocopy portion
2、s of any individual standard for educational classroom use can also be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center. iv Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Introduction This introduction is not part of IEEE Std C57.100-2011, IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation
3、Systems for Liquid-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers. This standard is intended to establish test procedures for evaluating the insulation systems of liquid-immersed transformers. The electrical insulation of transformers is subject to electrical, mechanical, and thermal stresses occurrin
4、g in different parts of the structure. How long the insulation system will be serviceable depends on the transformer design and the severity of the stresses acting on it, as well as on the materials themselves and the service environment. Therefore, the length of useful life of the insulation system
5、 depends on the way that its individual components are arranged, their interactions upon each other, the contribution of each component to the electrical and mechanical integrity of the system, and the way the transformer is manufactured and operated. Experience has shown that the thermal life chara
6、cteristics of composite insulation systems cannot be reliably inferred solely from information concerning individual component materials. To assure satisfactory service life, transformer designs need to be verified by service experience or accelerated life tests. Tests on complete insulation systems
7、, representative of each transformer design, are necessary to confirm the performance of materials for their specific functions in the transformer. During the preparation of prior editions of this standard, manufacturers built and tested more than one hundred complete distribution transformers. The
8、results of these tests, while not specifically published, confirmed the practicality of the test procedures in this standard for liquid-immersed distribution transformers. Subsequent to this work, it was recognized by prior working groups that a need existed for a similar test procedure for power tr
9、ansformers. To fulfill this need, two projects on “Basic Transformer Life Characteristics” were completed by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) in 1982 B6, B7.aLimited testing was performed on insulated coils, models, and model assemblies. The information obtained from these EPRI projects
10、was used to extend the test procedures in this standard to power transformers. Manufacturers occasionally make changes in the insulation used in transformers. This occurs due to the development of a new material or a change in vendors. In some cases, a preferred material will no longer be available,
11、 or a preliminary evaluation of the potential of a new insulation system is needed. It is reasonable to permit a reduced scale thermal test to determine that the change will not reduce the life of the transformer. For this situation, a single point aging test described in Annex A is specified using
12、the procedure outlined in Annex B (similar to the Annex A from IEEE Std C57.100-1999). In situations where more than a minor change to the insulation system is made, a comparison to the industry-proven system must be made. This revision deals with how such a comparison is to be conducted. In additio
13、n to the use of a comparison test to the industry-proven system, this revision of IEEE Std C57.100 deals with issues raised during the ballot for the 1999 revision of this document, as well as issues that have developed during the intervening time period. These issues included the need for a simplif
14、ied model test for power transformers, as well as the need for evaluation methods for materials of dissimilar thermal capability. The old Annex A from IEEE Std C57.100-1999 has been modified to become part of the materials testing section in the new annex, which will also include a new dual-temperat
15、ure sealed tube test method in Annex C. In the case of the distribution transformer and power transformer model test, the difference in performance between the candidate system and the industry-proven system can be compared directly by test. In the case of the materials tests described in Annex B an
16、d Annex C, the difference between the industry-proven system and the candidate system are also obtained, but the correlation of this difference to transformer life may require confirmation from industry experience. The scope of this document notes that the dielectric liquid is part of the insulation
17、 system, but evaluations of the fluid portion of the insulation system are not part of this test procedure. While fluids are a critical part of the insulation system, since they can be reprocessed or exchanged, this document only investigates the solid insulation components as the limiting factor of
18、 the insulation system. aThe numbers in brackets correspond to those of the bibliography in Annex E. Notice to users Laws and regulations Users of these documents should consult all applicable laws and regulations. Compliance with the provisions of this standard does not imply compliance to any appl
19、icable regulatory requirements. Implementers of the standard are responsible for observing or referring to the applicable regulatory requirements. IEEE does not, by the publication of its standards, intend to urge action that is not in compliance with applicable laws, and these documents may not be
20、construed as doing so. Copyrights This document is copyrighted by the IEEE. It is made available for a wide variety of both public and private uses. These include both use, by reference, in laws and regulations, and use in private self-regulation, standardization, and the promotion of engineering pr
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24、For more information about the IEEE Standards Association or the IEEE standards development process, visit the IEEE-SA web site at http:/standards.ieee.org. Errata Errata, if any, for this and all other standards can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/findstds/errata/index.ht
25、ml. Users are encouraged to check this URL for errata periodically. Interpretations Current interpretations can be accessed at the following URL: http:/standards.ieee.org/findstds/interps/index.html. Patents Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard may require use
26、of subject matter covered by patent rights. By publication of this standard no position is taken with respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights in connection therewith. The IEEE is not responsible for identifying Essential Patent Claims for which a license may be required, for conduc
27、ting inquiries into the legal validity or scope of Patents Claims or determining whether any licensing terms or conditions provided in connection with submission of a Letter of Assurance, if any, or in any licensing agreements are reasonable or non-discriminatory. Users of this standard are expressl
28、y advised that determination of the validity of any patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility. Further information may be obtained from the IEEE Standards Association. v Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. vi Copyright 2012 IEEE. All right
29、s reserved. Participants At the time this draft standard was completed, the Thermal Evaluation of Power and Distribution Transformers C57.100 Working Group had the following membership: Roger Wicks, Chair Tom Prevost, Vice-chair Richard Amos Roberto Asano William Boettger Kent Brown Juan Castellanos
30、 C. Clair Claiborne Jerry Corkran Rick Dong Terry Drees Pierre Feghali Bruce Forsyth Michael Franchek George Frimpong Robert Ganser Eduardo Garcia Peter Heinzig John Luksich William Mangum Terence Martin C. Patrick McShane T. V. Oommen Verena Pellon Donald Platts Oleg Roizman H. Jin Sim Sanjib Som C
31、raig Stiegemeier Susmitha Tarlapally Jim Thompson Mark Tostrud Hanxin Zhu Abderrahmane ZouaghiThe Thermal Evaluation of Power and Distribution Transformers C57.100 Working Group acknowledge and thank the following individuals for their support and contribution to the development of this standard: Do
32、nald Cherry Valery Davydov Richard Marek Hasse Nordman Gustav Preininger Tim Raymond R. William Simpson, Jr. The following members of the balloting committee voted on this standard. Balloters may have voted for approval, disapproval, or abstention. William J. Ackerman Michael Adams Satish Aggarwal S
33、amuel Aguirre Stan Arnot Adam Bagby Barry Beaster Steven Bezner Thomas Blackburn William Boettger Steven Brockschink Chris Brooks Carl Bush Juan Castellanos Donald Cherry C. Clair Claiborne Jerry Corkran John Crouse Gary Donner Terry Drees Gary Engmann James Fairris Joseph Foldi Bruce Forsyth Marcel
34、 Fortin Michael Franchek Fredric Friend George Frimpong Eduardo Garcia Jalal Gohari Edwin Goodwin James Graham William Griesacker Randall Groves Bal Gupta Jeffrey Hartenberger Peter Heinzig Gary Hoffman Thomas Holifield Philip Hopkinson Richard Jackson Clark Jacobson Charles Johnson Wayne Johnson La
35、szlo Kadar C. J. Kalra Gael Kennedy Sheldon Kennedy Morteza Khodaie Chad Kiger Gary King James Kinney Joseph L. Koepfinger Jim Kulchisky Saumen Kundu Chung-Yiu Lam Aleksandr Levin Hua Liu John Luksich Greg Luri Richard Marek John W. Matthews William McBride Susan McNelly C. Patrick McShane Gary Mich
36、el Daniel Mulkey Jerry Murphy Ryan Musgrove Michael S. Newman Mohamed Omran Lorraine Padden Bansi Patel Jesse Patton Brian Penny Howard Penrose Paul Pillitteri Donald Platts Alvaro Portillo Lewis Powell Gustav Preininger Tom Prevost Jeffrey Ray John Rossetti Marnie Roussell Thomas Rozek Dinesh Sanka
37、rakurup vii Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Bartien Sayogo Gil Shultz H. Jin Sim James Smith Jerry Smith Steve Snyder David Stankes Gary Stoedter John Sullivan S. Thamilarasan Alan Traut John Vergis Jane Verner David Wallach Joe Watson Roger Wicks Alan Wilks James Wilson When the IEEE-SA S
38、tandards Board approved this standard on 7 December 2011, it had the following membership: Richard H. Hulett, Chair John Kulick, Vice Chair Robert M. Grow, Past Chair Judith Gorman, Secretary Masayuki Ariyoshi William Bartley Ted Burse Clint Chaplin Wael Diab Jean-Philippe Faure Alex Gelman Paul Hou
39、z Jim Hughes Joseph L. Koepfinger* David Law Thomas Lee Hung Ling Oleg Logvinov Ted Olsen Gary Robinson Jon Rosdahl Sam Sciacca Mike Seavey Curtis Siller Phil Winston Howard Wolfman Don Wright * Member Emeritus Also included are the following nonvoting IEEE-SA Standards Board liaisons: Satish Aggarw
40、al, NRC Representative Richard DeBlasio, DOE Representative Michael Janezic, NIST Representative Catherine Berger IEEE Standards Project Editor Erin Spiewak IEEE Standards Program Manager, Technical Program DevelopmentContents 1. Overview 1 1.1 Scope . 1 1.2 Purpose 1 2. Normative references 2 3. De
41、finitions 2 3.1 Industry-proven insulation system. 2 4. Aging influences. 3 5. Minimum life expectancy. 3 6. Criteria for end of lifeDistribution transformer and power transformer model 4 7. Test temperatures 4 8. Test methods and specimens 5 8.1 Distribution transformer 5 8.2 Power transformer mode
42、l 5 8.3 Relative testing specimens. 6 9. Test period 6 9.1 Hottest spot test temperature . 6 9.2 Temperature of liquid 6 9.3 Duration of test period. 7 9.4 Cycling 7 9.5 Calculation of aging caused by heating and cooling 7 10. End-point tests 8 10.1 Distribution transformers. 8 10.2 Power transforme
43、rs 8 10.3 Abnormalities 8 11. Test results 8 11.1 Data presentation . 9 11.2 Test report 9 11.3 Example calculation of life equation . 10 12. Applicability of test results. 11 viii Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. Annex A (normative) Materials testing for aging of liquid-immersed transforme
44、r insulation. 13 A.1 Purpose . 13 A.2 Test temperatures and test periods 13 A.3 Limiting factorinsulation system 15 A.4 Comparative evaluation 15 Annex B (normative) Materials testingstandard test procedure for sealed tube aging of liquid-immersed transformer insulation . 19 B.1 Test samples 19 Anne
45、x C (normative) Materials testingstandard test procedure for dual-temperature sealed tube aging of liquid-immersed transformer insulation . 20 C.1 Purpose 20 C.2 Test samples 20 Annex D (informative) Historical background information .22 D.1 Distribution transformer and power transformer model test
46、result discussion from IEEE Std C57.100-1999 B12 22 D.2 Background discussion from references . 22 Annex E (informative) Bibliography 25 ix Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. 1 Copyright 2012 IEEE. All rights reserved. IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems
47、for Liquid-Immersed Distribution and Power Transformers IMPORTANT NOTICE: This standard is not intended to ensure safety, security, health, or environmental protection. Implementers of the standard are responsible for determining appropriate safety, security, environmental, and health practices or r
48、egulatory requirements. This IEEE document is made available for use subject to important notices and legal disclaimers. These notices and disclaimers appear in all publications containing this document and may be found under the heading “Important Notice” or “Important Notices and Disclaimers Conce
49、rning IEEE Documents.” They can also be obtained on request from IEEE or viewed at http:/standards.ieee.org/IPR/disclaimers.html. 1. Overview 1.1 Scope This standard applies to the insulation systems used in all liquid-immersed distribution and power transformers. This standard provides test procedures to evaluate the thermal aging characteristics of insulation systems used in liquid-immersed distribution or power transformers. The dielectric liquid is part of the insulation system. 1.2 Purpose The objective of this test procedure is to establish uniform meth
