1、 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394, USACopyright 1997 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.All rights reserved. Published 1997. Printed in the United States of America.ISBN 1-55937-904-9No part of this pu
2、blication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.ANSI N322-1997American National Standard Inspection, Test, Construction, and Performance Requirements for Direct Reading Electrostatic/Electroscope Type Dosi
3、metersSponsorNational Committee on Radiation Instrumentation, N42Accredited by theAmerican National Standards InstituteSecretariatInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Approved 6 February 1997American National Standards InstituteAbstract:Inspection, test, construction and performanc
4、e requirements for direct reading electro-static/electroscope type dosimeters designed to measure the personal dose equivalent or ambientexposure delivered by external sources of ionizing radiation (X-rays or gamma-rays) are given.Keywords:dose equivalent, environmental monitoring, exposure, ionizin
5、g radiation, personneldosimeter, radiation dosimeter, radiation instrumentation, specifications IEEE Standardsdocuments are developed within the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinat-ing Committees of the IEEE Standards Board. Members of the committees serve voluntarily andwithout compensation.
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17、 are brought to its attention.Copyright 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved.iiiIntroduction(This introduction is not part of ANSI N3221997, American National Standard Inspection, Test, Construction, and Per-formance Requirements for Direct Reading Electrostatic/Electroscope Type Dosimeters.)This standard
18、 is the responsibility of the Accredited Standards Committee N42 on Radiation Instrumenta-tion. Committee N42 delegated the development of this standard to its Subcommittee N42.RPI. Drafts werereviewed by Committee N42, Subcommittee N42.RPI, and other interested parties, and the commentsreceived wer
19、e utilized in producing the standard as finally approved. The standard was approved by N42 let-ter ballot of 2 April 1996.At the time it approved this standard, the Accredited Standards Committee on Radiation Instrumentation,N42, had the following members:Louis Costrell,ChairLuigi Napoli,Administrat
20、ive SecretaryOrganization Represented Name of RepresentativeAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsJesse LiebermanBattelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories Joseph C. McDonaldHealth Physics Society.George CampbellJoseph R. Stencel (Alt.)Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer
21、s.Louis CostrellJulian Forster (Alt.)Anthony J. Spurgin (Alt.)Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryEdward J. LampoLawrence Livermore National Laboratory.Paul L. PhelpsMIT, Bates Linear Accelerator Center .Frank X. MasseOak Ridge National Laboratory.Charles L. BrittonSwinth Associates Kenneth L. SwinthUS Depa
22、rtment of the Army Edward GroeberUS Department of Commerce,National Institute of Standards and TechnologyLouis CostrellMichael P. Unterweger (Alt.)US Department of EnergyGerald GoldsteinUS Federal Emergency Management Agency .Carl R. SiebentrittMembers-at-LargeJoseph C. BellianErnesto A. CorteMorgan
23、 CoxJohn M. GallagherJack M. SelbyAl N. TschaecheEdward J. VallarioLee J. WagnerSanford WagnerAt the time this standard was approved, Subcommittee N42.RPI had the following members:Jack M. Selby,ChairThe working group for this standard had the following members:Joseph G. BellianMorgan CoxDale Flemin
24、gMichele L. JohnsonR. L. KathrenJimmy LittleC. R. SiebentrittAl N. TschaecheE. J. VallarioivCopyright 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved.Joseph McDonald,ChairThe following persons were on the balloting committee that approved this document for submission to theAmerican National Standards Institute:Roche
25、lle L. SternIEEE Standards Project EditorDarryl CharbonneauLeo FaustHy GlasserFrank ManningKevin PredmoreDan RedmanD. M. SchaefferCarl SiebentrittE. F. WilliamsJoseph G. BellianCharles L. BrittonGeorge CampbellErnesto A. CorteLouis CostrellMorgan CoxJulian ForsterJohn M. GallagherGerald GoldsteinEdw
26、ard GroeberEdward J. LampoJesse LiebermanFrank X. MassePaul L. PhelpsJack M. SelbyCarl L. SiebentrittAnthony J. SpurginJoseph R. StencilKenneth L. SwinthAl N. TschaecheMichael UnterwegerEdward J. VallarioLee J. WagnerSanford WagnerCopyright 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved.vContentsCLAUSE PAGE1. Overv
27、iew 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Scope 11.3 Purpose. 12. References 23. Definitions 24. Conditions for dosimeter tests . 44.1 Reference conditions 44.2 Standard test conditions . 54.3 Position of instrument for purposes of tests.54.4 Minimum irradiation time 54.5 Specifications of irradiation room and cal
28、ibration devices 54.6 Use of phantoms 54.7 Dosimeter charging pin 55. Quantities and units for radiations in specifications and tests . 65.1 Radiation quantities and units specified and measured by dosimeters 66. Specifications and test requirements 66.1 General. 66.2 Optical system 76.3 Charging an
29、d reading. 76.4 Mechanical integrity 146.5 Radiological specifications and test requirements. 146.6 Effects of environmental conditions on radiation response. 177. Certification . 18Copyright 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved.1American National Standard Inspection, Test, Construction, and Performance R
30、equirements for Direct Reading Electrostatic/Electroscope Type Dosimeters1. Overview1.1 IntroductionThe direct reading dosimeter is an instrument whose principles of operation can be briefly described as fol-lows. The direct reading dosimeter is composed of a capacitor connected in parallel to an el
31、ectroscope,where the moving element of the electroscope forms the central electrode of an ionization chamber. The ion-ization chamber is the radiation-sensitive element of the device. The capacitor and electroscope are usuallycharged in the range of 140 V to 195 V using an external charging unit. Wh
32、en the dosimeter is exposed toionizing radiation, the electrical discharge of the capacitor is proportional to the total quantity of radiationdeposited in the ionization chamber. The change in total electrical charge is measured by the electroscope. Avisual display is provided by a built-in optical
33、system that can be read using ambient light. This type ofinstrument can be manufactured to measure exposure, absorbed dose, or dose equivalent. The visual displaywill indicate a reading of the appropriate quantity.1.2 ScopeThe standard describes the requirements and the procedures for testing such d
34、osimeters against theserequirements. The requirements apply to direct reading dosimeters designed to measure ionizing electro-magnetic radiation (X-rays or gamma-rays) with energies from approximately 20 keV to 3 MeV. Proceduresare given for the testing of any accessory electrometers or chargers tha
35、t are used to operate, or read-out,these dosimeters.1.3 PurposeThe purpose of this standard is to specify the procedures to be used for the inspection, test, construction, andperformance evaluation of direct reading dosimeters of the electrostatic/electroscope type.ANSIN322-1997 AMERICAN NATIONAL ST
36、ANDARD INSPECTION, TEST, CONSTRUCTION, AND PERFORMANCE2Copyright 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved.2. ReferencesThis standard shall be used in conjunction with the following publications. When the following standards aresuperseded by an approved revision, the revision shall apply:ANSI N42.17A-1989 (Rea
37、ff 1994), American National Standard Performance Specifications for HealthPhysics InstrumentationPortable Instrumentation for Use in Normal Environmental Conditions.1ANSI N42.17C-1989 (Reaff 1994), American National Standard Performance Specifications for HealthPhysics InstrumentationPortable Instru
38、mentation for Use in Extreme Environmental Conditions.ICRP 26 (1977), Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection.2ICRU 33 (1980), Radiation Quantities and Units.3ICRU 39 (1985), Determination of Dose Equivalents Resulting from External Radiation Sources.ICRU 43 (1988)
39、, Determination of Dose Equivalents from External Radiation SourcesPart 2.ICRU 47 (1992), Measurement of Dose Equivalents from External Photon and Electron Radiations.IEC CD 45B (1991), Direct reading personal dose equivalent and/or dose equivalent rate monitors for X,gamma and high-energy beta radi
40、ations.4ISO/DIS 11934 (1996), Indirect or direct reading capacitor-type pocket dosemeters.5NIST Special Publication 250-161988, Calibration of X-Ray and GammaRay Measuring Instruments.63. DefinitionsFor the purpose of this document, the following definitions apply to this standard:3.1 absorbed dose
41、(D):The quotient of d by dm, where d is the mean energy imparted by ionizing radi-ation to matter of mass, dm.3.2 accuracy:The difference between the indicated, or measured value, of a quantity and the conventionaltrue value of that quantity. 3.3 calibration:A quantitative determination under a cont
42、rolled set of standard test conditions, of the indi-cation given by a dosimeter as a function of the value of the quantity to be measured.1ANSI publications are available from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor,New York, NY 10036, USA.2ICRP p
43、ublications are available from Elsevier Science, Inc., 655 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10010, USA.3ICRU publications are available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement, 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.4IEC publications are available from I
44、EC Sales Department, Case Postale 131, 3, rue de Varemb, CH1211, Genve 20, Switzerland/Suisse. IEC publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute, 11West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.5ISO publications are avai
45、lable from the ISO Central Secretariat, Case Postale 56, 1 rue de Varemb, CH1211, Genve 20, Switzer-land/Suisse. ISO publications are also available in the United States from the Sales Department, American National Standards Institute,11 West 42nd Street, 13th Floor, New York, NY 10036, USA.6NIST pu
46、blications are available from the National Institute for Science and Technology, US Dept. of Commerce, Washington, DC20234, USA.e eANSIREQUIREMENTS FOR DIRECT READING ELECTROSTATIC/ELECTROSCOPE TYPE DOSIMETERS N322-1997Copyright 1997 IEEE. All rights reserved.33.4 calibration factor (N):The conventi
47、onal true value of the quantity the dosimeter is intended to measure,V, divided by its indication, M, (corrected as necessary).3.5 calibration quantity:A physical quantity used to establish the characteristics of the dosimeter.3.6 conventional true value of a quantity:The best estimate of a quantity
48、 determined by a primary or sec-ondary standard, or by a reference instrument that has been calibrated against a primary or secondary stan-dard.3.7 direct reading dosimeter, electrostatic/electroscope type:An instrument that permits the direct read-ing of the quantity of radiation present at the ins
49、trument. Such a device consists essentially of an ionizationchamber connected to a capacitor. This capacitor is charged by a charging device, which may or may not bebuilt into the dosimeter. Exposure of the instrument to ionizing radiation causes a decrease in the charge onthe capacitor causing a charge indicator to deflect with respect to a calibrated scale that is observablethrough a self-contained optical system.3.8 dose equivalent (H):The product of the absorbed dose and the quality factor, Q, at the point of interestin tissue.H = DQThe shallow and deep dose equiv
