1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ANSI Internat Dot Set IS0 12775 First edition 1997-l o-1 5 Guidelines on types of glass of normal bulk-production composition and their test methods Lignes directrices sur /es types de verre de composition normale de production en vrac et leurs mkthodes dessai Reference number
2、 IS0 12775:1997(E) IS0 12775: 1997(E) Contents 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition . 2 4 Chemical properties of glass and glass articles 2 4.1 General . 3 4.2 Glass as a material and glass as-delivered 3 4.3 Test methods . 3 4.3.1 Hydrolytic
3、 resistance (see IS0 719, IS0 720, IS0 4802-l and IS0 4802-2) . 3 4.3.2 Acid resistance (see IS0 1776) . 3 4.3.3 Alkali resistance (see IS0 695) . 4 4.3.4 Other chemical test methods . 4 4.4 Classifications of glass and glass articles according to their chemical properties . 4.4.1 Principle of class
4、ifications 4 4.4.2 Classification table and/or limit values . 4 5 Physical properties 7 5.1 Thermal properties . 7 5.2 Other physical properties 7 Annex A (informative) Bibliography . .8 0 IS0 1997 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or util
5、ized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without pemission in writing from the publisher. International Organization for Standardization Case Postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Internet central iso.ch x.400 c=ch; a=400net; p=iso; o=i
6、socs; s=central Printed in Switzerland ii 0 IS0 IS0 12775:1997(E) Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0 technical
7、committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. IS0 collaborates closely with
8、the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the
9、 member bodies casting a vote. International Standard IS0 12775 was prepared by Technical Committee ISOITC 48, Laboratory glassware and related apparatus, Subcommittee SC 5, Quality of glassware. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. IS0 12775:1997(E) 0 IS0 Introduction Var
10、ious committees have been working for many years at national and international levels to produce agreed test methods for measuring the chemical and physical properties of glass as a material and glassware as finished articles. Because the international standardization part of the work has mostly bee
11、n carried out under the aegis of the International Organization for Standardization, through its Technical Committee ISO/TC 48, Laboratory glassware and related apparatus, the aim of the work has always been slanted towards this type of ware. Even so the test methods and classifications proposed to
12、date are equally applicable to other kinds of glass and to glassware which is not necessarily used only for laboratory purposes. It has been suggested that a collection of the information produced by the various committees would provide useful guidance to users and to manufacturers of glassware. Thi
13、s International Standard is, therefore, intended to give such guidance but it is strongly emphasized that a classification according to one test procedure is not necessarily related to classification by another test procedure. Although not concerning normal bulk-production glass, Technical Committee
14、 ISO/TC 172, Optics and optical instruments, has established some International Standards for test procedures for optical glass, for example for acid resistance (IS0 8424) and for testing the resistance to attack by aqueous alkaline phosphate-containing detergent solutions (IS0 9689). To make these
15、guidelines complete, some test methods are also cited which do not have a classification (which is needed for most physical test methods) but that are sometimes of great interest for the glass user or glass manufacturer. iv INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 IS0 12775:1997(E) Guidelines on types of glass of
16、 normal bulk-production composition and their test methods 1 Scope This International Standard establishes a survey of glass types and of methods for testing their chemical and physical properties to give, for example, consumers and producers of glass of normal bulk-production composition the possib
17、ility to compare the different types of glass and test methods and to decide which are of interest for a special demand or use. For this purpose, these comprehensive guidelines give a classification of the different glass types of normal bulk-production composition according to the chemical composit
18、ion and indicate the different test methods and, where they exist, the classifications according to chemical resistance. 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard. At the time of publi
19、cation, the editions indicated were valid. All standard are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below. Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registe
20、rs of currently valid International Standards. IS0 6951991, Glass - Resistance to attack by a boiling aqueous solution of mixed alkali - Method of test and classification. IS0 718:1990, Laboratory glassware - Thermal shock and thermal shock endurance - Test methods. IS0 719:1985, Glass - Hydrolytic
21、resistance of glass grains at 98 “C - Method of test and classification. IS0 720:1985, Glass - Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 121 “C - Method of test and classification. IS0 1776:1985, G/ass - Resistance to attack by hydrochloric acid at 700 “C - Flame emission or flame atomic absorption s
22、pectrometric method. IS0 3585:1991, Borosilicate glass 3.3 - Properties. IS0 4802-l :1988, Glassware - Hydrolytic resistance of the interior surfaces of glass containers - Part 7: Determination by titration method and classification. IS0 4802-2:1988, Glassware - Hydrolytic resistance of the interior
23、 surfaces of glass containers - Part 2: Determination by flame spectrome try and classification. IS0 4803:1978, Laboratory glassware - Borosilicate glass tubing. IS0 7459:1984, Glass containers - Thermal shock resistance and thermal shock endurance - Test methods. IS0 7991 :1987, G/ass - Determinati
24、on of coefficient of mean linear thermal expansion. i IS0 12775:1997(E) 0 IS0 3 Main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition The main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition are classified in table 1, NOTE - In many cases it is customary to divide glass into different ” typ
25、es ” according to the use or shape (laboratory glass, bottle glass, optical glass, flat glass, hollow glass) and in a general way this division is a kind of classification. Another possibility is a classification according to the chemical composition. This leads to the types listed in table 1, which
26、 of course cannot be absolutely pure concerning the composition ranges. Table 1 - Classification of main types of glass of normal bulk-production composition according to their chemical composition Descriptors ley oxides % (m/m) Alkali/alkaline Borosilicate glass Alkaline Alkaline earth/silicate ear
27、th/alumino- lead glass” Alkaline-earth free Containing alkaline earths silicate glass silicate glass (Borosilicate glass 3.3)” (Known as “neutral glass” N%O, CaO 10 B203 8 B,O, 8 AI,O, 10 PbO 10 ypical field 4 composition SiO, % (m/m) 70 to 75 = 81 = 75 52 to 60 54 to 58 Alkali oxides % (mlm) 12to16
28、 =4 4 to 8 - (Nap0 + K20) up to 15 Alkaline- earth oxides % (m/m) (MgO + CaO + BaO + SrO) 10 to 15 - upto up to 15 upto 403 % (m/m) 0,5 to 2.5 2 to 3 2 to 7 17to25 upto 8203 % (m/m) - 12 to 13 8to12 - - PbO % (m/m) - - - - up to 35 300 “C) iydrolytic resistance Medium, low Very high 4cid resistance
29、Very high Medium Very high Very high High, very high 4lkali resistance Very high Low Medium Low, medium Medium Medium Low Medium tiain fields of application Container bottle Laboratories for Pharmaceutical containers Purposes with Noble table (glass); float chemical, glass; drawn pharmaceutical and
30、demands for high glasses; lamp Technical purposes with thermal sheet glass food industries” stems; demands for high chemical resistance: high- cathode ray resistance temperature tubes; Technical purposes thermometers, radiation- with demands for high resistors capable shielding glas chemical and of
31、high thermal thermoshock and electrical resistance loading, combustion tubes JOTE - The given compositions are mean levels of typical glass types. They are only for information and shall not be understood as “lim values. It is known that actual glasses differ to a certain degree, which does not affe
32、ct the chemophysical properties. 1) This is the oldest glass type, which makes the largest percentage of the worldwide glass production; also belonging to this type are glassy with higher BaO and SO contents such as alkaline-earth oxides, with reduced alkali content (e.g. for X-ray protection, as us
33、ed in cathode rt tube components), and also certain crystal glasses (drinking glasses). 2) In accordance with IS0 3585. 3) See IS0 4802-l and IS0 4802-2. 4) See IS0 4803. 2 0 IS0 4 Chemical properties of glass and glass articles 4.1 General IS0 12775: 1997(E) The chemical durability, or chemical res
34、istance, of glass as a material or of glass articles is the ability of the exposed surfaces to withstand attack by acid, neutral or alkaline solutions. In general for silicate glasses this ability decreases with increasing alkalinity of the attacking medium and test methods are available for measuri
35、ng these resistances. 4.2 Glass as a material and glass as-delivered When properties of glass articles are considered, it must be emphasized that the surface of a finished glass article can have different properties than the glass itself, called “glass as a material”. This glass as a material (i.e.
36、the bulk glass) has, of course, the same properties as the glass of glass articles when their surface layers are removed, for instance by grinding, or polishing, or acid etching with hydrofluoric acid. But the properties of glass surfaces can be modified: for instance, fire-polishing by pressing or
37、blowing creates a slightly different surface layer because of the evaporation of glass substituents at the glass-forming temperature. Also the glass surface can be treated when the articles are finished: ion-exchange (salt melts, for instance) can result in a strengthening effect; or acid vapour (su
38、ch as SO,) can reduce the alkali concentration in the surface of soda-lime glasses, and thus their surfaces show a better hydrolytic resistance; there are many other examples. So when glass articles are tested, care shall be taken to define whether the surface is tested “as-delivered” (i.e. with the
39、 original surface layer) or “as a material”, which is to be achieved by acid etching, grinding/polishing or breaking. The qualitative descriptions of the types of glass in tables 2 and 3 concern glass as a material only; tables 4 to 6 concern non-treated glasses/articles except for class HC 2 in IS0
40、 4802 (in tables 4 and 5). 4.3 Test methods 4.3.1 Hydrolytic resistance (see IS0 719, IS0 720, IS0 4802-l and IS0 4802-2) Grain tests, such as described in IS0 719 and IS0 720, measure the resistance of glass as a material to attack by neutral solutions (i.e. water) and this is called the “hydrolyti
41、c grain resistance”. These tests apply to glass as a material because the sample is broken and new bulk surfaces are produced. The hydrolytic resistance of glass containers is measured by a “whole article” test in which the container is filled with water and the resistance of the “as-produced” surfa
42、ce is measured. NOTE - The European Pharmacopceia uses the latter type of test to measure the performance of containers and the former to distinguish between the resistances imparted to glass by compositional and surface treatment processes. The values given in table 4 show the limiting titration va
43、lues required to neutralize 100 ml of extraction solution from various capacities of containers, as given in IS0 4802-l. NOTE - The values for container classes HC 1, 2 and 3 are indentical to those published by the European Pharmacopoeia, where they are called “glass container types”. Since there a
44、re more container types, I.80 4802 includes also the container class HC B (a glass used especially for “buvables”, i.e. drinking ampoules and vials) and HC D (for “dry substances”). Furthermore, a classification according to the direct determination of the released alkali, different from the determi
45、nation of the sum parameter of hydroxide ions by titration (as done by flame spectrometric methods on the extract solution) is given in IS0 4802-2 (see table 5). A direct conversion from one system to the other (titration to flame-spectrometric values) is not clear nor easily achievable, but a conve
46、rsion factor between 2,5 and 3,0 was proved by interlaboratory tests to be true, so long as the values are near the limits between the container classes. 4.3.2 Acid resistance (see IS0 1776) c The resistance of glass articles to attack by acid solutions (usually 6 mol/l hydrochloric acid) can be mea
47、sured by the procedure described in IS0 1776. In this procedure the glass sample is prepared in the form of a piece, of 30 cm2 to 40 cm2 surface area. When the area of the cut edges does not exceed 10 % of the total surface area, the pieces can be regarded as tested as-delivered. When the area of th
48、e edges is greater than 10 %, the rest of the original surfaces shall be removed for the acid resistance test in accordance with IS0 1776 by acid etching and 3 IS0 12775:1997(E) 0 IS0 then the test results refer to glass as a material. The etching procedure shall be applied when thicker samples of a
49、rticles, such as from glass plant, pipeline or fittings, are to be tested in accordance with IS0 1776. 4.3.3 Alkali resistance (see IS0 695) The resistance of glass articles to alkaline attack is measured in accordance with IS0 695. Pieces with surfaces of 10 cm to 15 cm* each (20 cm2 to 30 cm2 in total) are submitted to attack by a boiling alkaline mixture, and the loss in mass is determined. Because of the strength of the attack, distinction concerning the new cut edges is not necessary. 4.3.4 Other chemical test methods For optical glass, the test methods are specified in IS0 8424
