1、 Reference number ISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 2011INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13194 First edition 2011-09-01 Box pallets Principal requirements and test methods Palettes botes Exigences principales et mthodes dessais ISO 13194:2011(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherw
2、ise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright
3、office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2011 All rights reservedISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction . v 1 Scope 1 2 Normative ref
4、erences 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms 6 5 Requirements . 6 6 Test methods . 8 7 Marking . 20 8 Test report 20 Bibliography 21 ISO 13194:2011(E) iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation o
5、f national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. In
6、ternational organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with
7、the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval
8、 by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13194 was prepared by Technical Committee
9、ISO/TC 51, Pallets for unit load method of materials handling. ISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vIntroduction This International Standard provides definitions and specifies principal requirements and test methods for box pallets, excluding tank and silo pallets as defined in ISO 445. I
10、t is performance-based, i.e. no minimum values are fixed. It reflects ISO 8611-1 in this respect. Box pallets are tested in accordance with the claimed performances. This International Standard evaluates performances in relation to the load capacity of a box pallet carrying a uniformly distributed l
11、oad used as test load and called the nominal load. However, it is recognized that the maximum working load for a box pallet could vary with the type of load carried and that, for a specific type of load, the maximum working load can be smaller or larger than the nominal load of a box pallet. Therefo
12、re, the allowable maximum load for a given design of box pallet varies according to the characteristics of the type of load carried. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 1Box pallets Principal requirements and test methods 1 Scope This International Standard specifie
13、s the definitions, principal requirements and test methods for box pallets of all materials. It applies to box pallets, including post pallets and cage pallets, but is not intended to apply to tank and silo pallets as defined in ISO 445. It also applies to box pallets which can be stacked and handle
14、d by forklift trucks or pallet trucks, but excludes other lifting devices. This International Standard addresses the performance of the box pallet only, and not its contents. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated r
15、eferences, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 445, Pallets for materials handling Vocabulary ISO 6780, Flat pallets for intercontinental material handling Principal dimensions and tolerances IS
16、O 8611-2:2011, Pallets for materials handling Flat pallets Part 2: Performance requirements and selection of tests ISO 2206, Packaging Complete, filled transport packages Identification of parts when testing ISO 2234, Packaging Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads Stacking tests using
17、a static load ISO 2244, Packaging Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads Horizontal impact tests ISO 2247, Packaging Complete, filled transport packages and unit loads Vibration tests at fixed low frequency ISO 2248, Packaging Complete, filled transport packages Vertical impact test by d
18、ropping EN 13382, Flat pallets for materials handling Principal dimensions 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. 3.1 pallet with superstructure pallet with a fixed superstructure or a rigid, self-supporting container that can be mechani
19、cally attached to the pallet and which contributes to the strength of the pallet ISO 13194:2011(E) 2 ISO 2011 All rights reserved3.2 box pallet bulk container pallet pallet with solid or close boarded sides, one or more of which can have hinged or removable gates for access as defined in ISO 445, wh
20、ether fixed, collapsible or demountable NOTE 1 See Figure 1. NOTE 2 A box pallet can be fitted with a lid. Figure 1 Examples of box pallets 3.3 fixed box pallet box pallet with sides permanently and rigidly fixed to the deck ISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 33.4 collapsible box pallet
21、box pallet with sides hinged to the deck NOTE See Figure 2. Figure 2 Examples of collapsible box pallets 3.5 demountable box pallet box pallet with removable sides NOTE See Figure 3. Figure 3 Example of demountable box pallet ISO 13194:2011(E) 4 ISO 2011 All rights reserved3.6 post pallet pallet hav
22、ing posts to permit stacking, and fitted with either removable rails or gates NOTE See Figure 4. Figure 4 Examples of post pallets 3.7 cage pallet pallet with mesh, rodded or barred sides, one or more of which can have a hinged or removable gate for access NOTE See Figure 5. ISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 20
23、11 All rights reserved 5Figure 5 Examples of cage pallets 3.8 nominal load lowest safe load which may be permitted to carry in the box pallet, assuming a uniformly distributed load and expressed in kilograms ISO 13194:2011(E) 6 ISO 2011 All rights reserved3.9 nominal stacking load lowest safe load w
24、hich can be placed in the box pallet resting on the ground NOTE The nominal stacking load is expressed in kilograms and, if appropriate, in the number of box pallets which can be stacked on the one resting on the ground. In the latter case, the following abbreviation is used: 1/1 (stack of two box p
25、allets), 2/1 (stack of three box pallets), etc. It assumes a uniformly distributed load. 3.10 test load load applied during test in or on the box pallet in order to simulate storage and transport conditions 3.11 tare weight weight of the box pallet without contents 3.12 ballast either the actual pro
26、duct to be transported or a product having the same physical characteristics, in which case the test certificate is only valid for such product; or a dummy ballast of type 1, sand, or type 2, plastic granules 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms F lForce applied parallel to the length of the box pallet i
27、n the lift truck stacking test, in newtons F wForce applied parallel to the width of the box pallet in the lift truck stacking test, in newtons F sForce required to commence movement g 9,81 ms 2H Height of the box pallet in metres l Length of the box pallet in metres L Length of free span in metres
28、n Number of box pallets to be stacked on top of box pallet submitted to tests w Width of the box pallets in metres W sPallet weight in kilograms sCoefficients of static friction 5 Requirements 5.1 Materials The material from which a box pallet is made is not limited by this International Standard. T
29、he materials are typically metal, plastic, wood, composite, or paper-based materials. When a box pallet is constructed of multiple materials, the selection of conditioning and duration of test shall be based on that material which will govern the results of the test. ISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 2011 All r
30、ights reserved 75.2 Dimensions, stacking load and test load 5.2.1 Stacking devices Box pallets shall be designed or equipped in order to allow stacking. 5.2.2 Dimensions The structure shall allow handling from the bottom using fork trucks and/or pallet trucks with entries conforming to ISO 6780 or E
31、N 13382, as appropriate. In addition, the height of the box pallet shall not exceed twice the smallest base dimension to improve stability of the product. 5.2.3 Nominal load Nominal stacking load The value of the nominal load and the nominal stacking load shall be given in the manufacturers specific
32、ations or marked on the product. The manufacturer may also stipulate a value before the test. NOTE The maximum number of stacks will be varied depending on materials and designs of box pallets to ensure stability of stacked box pallets. 5.2.4 Test load The test load may be the actual product to be t
33、ransported or a simulation of this actual product, for example sand, plastic granules or fluids. Unless otherwise specified, the test load, consisting of receptacles filled with type 1 or type 2 ballast, shall be spread uniformly and shall occupy more than 80 % of the capacity of the box pallet. 5.3
34、 Conditioning and duration of test 5.3.1 Conditioning When moisture or temperature conditioning is relevant, such conditions shall be maintained during the test. When several materials are used, the most sensitive condition shall be used. The detailed conditioning for all materials shall be in accor
35、dance with Clause 4 of ISO 8611-2:2011. 5.3.2 Duration of tests The duration of tests shall be as set out in Table 1, which is in accordance with ISO 8611-2:2011, Table 4. Table 1 Full load duration for bending and stacking tests Box pallet material Test period (h) Relaxation time (h) Unprocessed (s
36、awn) timber with metal fastening 2 1 All metal (welded or pressed construction) 2 1 Where plastics or plastic parts dictate overall performance Stacking test 48 2 Bending test 24 2 Paper-based and processed wood where these materials dictate overall performance 24 1 Pallet assembled using adhesive t
37、o connect major component 24 1 ISO 13194:2011(E) 8 ISO 2011 All rights reserved5.3.3 Number of replicates The number of box pallets required for the tests is at least three for each test. NOTE The full range of tests can be done on the same sample if the effects of the tests are clearly identified.
38、It is necessary to ensure that the box pallet subjected to the tests is complete and, when appropriate, fitted with the accessories (cover, toggle-fasteners, etc.) expected to be used as if it were ready for use. 6 Test methods 6.1 Test No. 1 Bending test 6.1.1 Test purpose The purpose of this test
39、is to determine the bending stiffness of the box pallet in racking situations. 6.1.2 Test procedure a) The test load shall be 1,5 times the nominal load. b) Place the box pallet in position (see Figure 6). c) Apply a load of 10 % of the test load uniformly distributed over the base of the box pallet
40、, and apply up to the full test load. d) The deflections, y, shall be measured at points A maximum of y at A1 (B1), A2 (B2) as shown in Figure 6. e) Remove the test load from the box pallet. f) Allow relaxation of the test sample according to Table 1. 6.1.3 Performance requirements a) Under the full
41、 load, the deflection measured shall be less than or equal to 2 % of the L 1(L 2 ). b) After the relaxation period, the deflection measured shall be less than or equal to 0,7 % of the L 1(L 2 ). ISO 13194:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 9Dimensions in millimetres 1 2 1 3 y L L L L yKey 1 test l
42、oad 2 support 1 3 support 2 Figure 6 Bending test for uniformly distributed load 6.2 Test No. 2 Stacking test 6.2.1 Test purpose The purpose of this test is to determine the ability of the box pallet to withstand the local effects of widely varying payloads in a block stacking. 6.2.2 Calculations 6.
43、2.2.1 Standard calculation Equation (1) The test load shall be calculated in accordance with the following equation: test load 1,5 n (tare weight nominal load) (1) where n is the number of box pallets to be stacked on top of a box pallet. ISO 13194:2011(E) 10 ISO 2011 All rights reserved6.2.2.2 Coll
44、apsible box pallets Equation (2) The test load for collapsible box pallets shall be calculated in accordance with the following equation: test load 1,5 n tare weight (2) where n is the number of box pallets to be stacked on top of a box pallet. NOTE Empty collapsible box pallets are usually stored i
45、n a collapsed position in high stacks. This situation can lead to damage of the collapsible parts with the product unable to fulfil its original use. 6.2.3 Test procedure The test shall be performed in accordance with ISO 2234, using an unguided test load (see Figure 7). The test parameters for dura
46、tion of the tests are in Table 1. a) Place the first empty box pallet on a flat rigid surface and stack the second empty box pallet on the top of the first one. b) Apply 10 % of the test load on the second box pallet and measure the height of the two stacked box pallets at all four corners as indica
47、ted in Figure 7 (1st measurement). c) Apply 100 % of the test load for the time specified in Table 1. Then measure the height of the two stacked box pallets at all four corners as indicated in Figure 7 (2nd measurement). d) Remove the test load from the box pallet. e) Allow relaxation of the test sa
48、mple according to Table 1. f) Apply 10 % of the test load on the stacked box pallets. Measure the height of the two stacked box pallets at all four corners as indicated in Figure 7 (3rd measurement). 6.2.4 Performance requirements 6.2.4.1 There shall be no breakage or distortion resulting in the box
49、 pallet being unable to withstand further handling or affecting its stability during stacking. 6.2.4.2 Compression under full load (calculated as the average value of the 2nd measurement minus the 1st measurement at the four corners) shall be less than or equal to 2 % of the height of the stack. 6.2.4.3 After the relaxation period, the residual compression (calculated as the average value of the 3rd measurement minus the 1st measurement at the four co
