1、 ISO 2012 Motorcycles Test and analysis procedures for research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis Amendment 1: Ground impact and injury costs Motocycles Mthodes dessai et danalyse de lvaluation par la recherche des dis
2、positifs, monts sur les motocycles, visant la protection des motocyclistes contre les collisions Partie 5: Indices de blessure et analyse risque/bnfice Amendement 1: Impact au sol et cots des blessures INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13232-5 Second edition 2005-12-15 Reference number ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd
3、.1:2012(E) AMENDMENT 1 2012-07-15 ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) ii ISO 2012 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2012 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, inc
4、luding photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Publi
5、shed in Switzerland ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Eac
6、h member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the Internation
7、al Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standard
8、s adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject o
9、f patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Amendment 1 to ISO 13232-5:2005 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 22, Motorcycles. ISO 2012 All rights reserved iii Motorcycles Test and analysis procedures f
10、or research evaluation of rider crash protective devices fitted to motorcycles Part 5: Injury indices and risk/benefit analysis Amendment 1: Ground impact and injury costs IMPORTANT This Amendment may require re-interpretation by users of numerous directly related clauses among the eight parts of IS
11、O 13232. It is expected that consequential amendments to these clauses would be part of any future revision of ISO 13232. Page 2, Clause 3 Add the following terms: economic costs; comprehensive costs; quality adjusted life costs; Page 23, 5.9 Insert the following at the beginning of the subclause an
12、d before the Note. “The risk/benefit analysis for each collision shall include, at a minimum, the primary impact period, which shall be considered to be the time period until but not including ground impact, or 0,500 s after the first MC/OV contact, whichever is sooner. The risk/benefit analysis for
13、 each collision should also include a separate analysis for the entire impact sequence, which shall be considered to be the time period from first MC/OV contact until at least 1 s and no longer than 3 s after the first MC/OV contact, and to the extent applicable, within this period, until the dummys
14、 head, spine, and pelvis centres-of-gravity resultant velocities are all less than 1 m/s, or until 500 ms after ground impact, whichever is sooner. Ground impact shall be considered to be the first point in time when any portion of the dummys head or helmet shapes is in contact with the ground.” Pag
15、e 153, O.3.8 Insert the following at the beginning of O.3.8: “Injuries resulting from ground contact are often a substantial portion of the total injuries in MC/OV crashes (e.g., ACEM, MAIDS Report, 2004). Advances in computational speeds have made it feasible to conduct computer simulation analyses
16、 that include ground contact. However, in order to place reasonable upper limits on the computational requirements for simulations that include the ground contact period, the simulation is considered to be complete when the dummys velocities are nearly zero or 500 ms after head or helmet to ground i
17、mpact, whichever is sooner. In order to account for cases in which, during the first 3 s after MC/OV contact, the dummys key body region velocities are not reduced to nearly zero and the dummys head or helmet does not impact the ground, the simulation may be considered to be complete after 3 s. ISO
18、13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) ISO 2012 All rights reserved 1 ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) These upper limits on the required duration of the computer simulation allow virtually all important injuries to be included in the risk/benefit analysis without requiring excessive computer time. Using typical
19、contemporary (i.e., 2008 production) personal computers, simulations of the primary impact period for the 2 X 200 impact configurations using an example fully ISO-compliant multi-body model (Kebschull et al, 1998) can be run in approximately 8 CPU hours. Extending the simulation time to include the
20、entire impact period as described in subclause 5.9 requires less than 48 CPU hours. In cases where the researcher wishes to model higher levels of detail, it is expected that finite element models would require less than 10 000 CPU hours to simulate the primary impact period for these 2 X 200 impact
21、 configurations and less than 60 000 CPU hours to simulate the entire impact period. Hybrid multi-body/FE models would require CPU hours somewhere between those for a pure multi-body model and for a pure finite element model. Another technological advance that enables such computational loads to be
22、feasible is the increasingly popular usage of ”computer clusters” or “computer grids” for processing, i.e., involving many CPUs, running in parallel.” Comment: Add a calculation for injury costs based on comprehensive costs in addition to the current calculation based on ancillary costs. Document ch
23、anges are as follows: Rename all occurrences of the following variables based on only medical and ancillary costs as given below. Old Variable Old Description New Variable New Description CF Cost of fatality CF eco Economic cost of fatality IC norm Injury cost, normalized IC norm,eco Injury economic
24、 cost, normalized CS norm Normalized cost of survival CS norm,eco Normalized economic cost of survival Page 18, 5.5.3 Renumber 5.5.3 on Fatality cost to 5.5.4. Insert the following new subclause immediately above the newly numbered 5.5.4: 5.5.3 Quality adjusted life costs Tabulate the injuries by bo
25、dy region and AIS injury severity level. Determine the quality adjusted life costs associated with each body region injury and each discrete AIS injury severity level, for each country in the cost data listed in Annex A. Calculate the total quality adjusted life cost associated with the injuries for
26、 each of the four body regions, including the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen, using the equation given below: QC PQ C itot ij ij j , , 1 5 where QC i,tot is the total quality adjusted life cost associated with injuries sustained to the body region i; P i,j is the probability of sustaining an injury
27、 of AIS injury severity level j to the body region i; QC i,jis the quality adjusted life cost associated with an injury to the body region i of AIS injury severity level j. Determine the total quality adjusted life cost associated with lower extremity injuries using the maximum PPI value, as determi
28、ned in 5.4.2.3, and the respective cost data table given in Annex A. Determine the overall quality adjusted life cost of injuries to the head, neck, thorax, abdomen, and lower extremities as given below: QC QC itot max , where 2 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) QC is the o
29、verall quality adjusted life cost; QC i,tot is the total quality adjusted life cost associated with injuries sustained to the body region i. Insert the following text at the end of 5.8: “Calculate the normalized comprehensive cost of survival as shown in the equation below: CS MDCA CQ CC FP CF normc
30、o co fatal co , min imum ofo r 1 where CS norm,co is the normalized comprehensive cost of survival; MDC is the medical cost; AC is the ancillary cost; P fatal is the probability of fatality; CF co is the comprehensive cost of fatality (medical, ancillary, and quality of life); the maximum value of C
31、S norm,cois (1 - P fatal ). The normalized cost of fatality (CF norm ) is equal to the probability of fatality (P fatal ). Calculate the total normalized injury comprehensive cost as shown in the equation below: IC CS CF normco normco norm , where IC norm,co is the total normalized injury comprehens
32、ive cost; CS norm,co is the normalized comprehensive cost of survival; CF norm is the normalized cost of fatality; the maximum value of IC normis 1,0.” Page 23, 5.9 Insert the following at the beginning of the subclause and before the Note. “The risk/benefit analysis for each collision shall, at a m
33、inimum, include the primary impact period, which is the time period up to but not including dummy to ground contact, or 0,500 s after the first MC/OV contact, whichever is sooner. The risk/benefit analysis for each collision should also include a separate analysis for the entire impact sequence, whi
34、ch is defined as the time period from first MC/OV contact until the dummys head, spine, and pelvis velocities are all less than 1 m/s or until 500 ms after ground impact, whichever is sooner. Ground impact is defined as the first point in time when any portion of the dummys head or helmet is in cont
35、act with the ground. The entire impact sequence shall be at least 1 s and shall be no longer than 3 s after the first MC/OV contact.” Page 26, 5.9.4.2 Replace the equation for “average risk” with the following: average risk average increase in injury index jj N x kj 1 , FO k k N risk 1 ISO 2012 All
36、rights reserved 3 ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) Page 28, Annex A Replace the first two paragraphs in Annex A with the following text: “Use the tables in Annex A to determine the medical, ancillary, and quality of life costs for each body region and AIS injury severity level when calculating the ove
37、rall costs in 5.5.1, 5.5.2, and 5.5.3, respectively. Tables A.1, A.2, and A.3 list respective medical, ancillary, and quality of life costs in 2000 U.S. dollars.” Replace Table A.1 with the following table: Table A.1 Medical costs Body region AIS injury severity level Cost (USD) Head Head Head Head
38、Head 1 2 3 4 5 30 405 31 323 193 785 206 592 280 228 Neck Neck Neck 3 4 5 355 082 824 887 1 088 896 Thorax Thorax Thorax Thorax Thorax 1 2 3 4 5 1 248 11 384 32 692 52 963 62 967 Abdomen Abdomen Abdomen Abdomen 1 2 3 4 1 248 11 384 32 692 52 963 Lower extremities Lower extremities 2 3 8 592 31 258 4
39、 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) Page 29, Annex A Replace Table A.2 with the following table: Table A.2 Ancillary costs Body region AIS injury severity level PPI Cost (USD) Head Head Head Head Head 1 2 3 4 5 - - - - - 10 225 36 539 121 644 232 423 943 054 a Neck Neck Neck
40、 3 4 5 - - - 262 761 399 937 476 360 Thorax Thorax Thorax Thorax Thorax 1 2 3 4 5 - - - - - 3 058 51 882 86 592 119 742 240 645 Abdomen Abdomen Abdomen Abdomen 1 2 3 4 - - - - 3 058 51 882 86 592 119 742 Lower extremities Lower extremities Lower extremities Lower extremities Lower extremities - - -
41、- - 07 15 22 27 38 27 996 59 991 87 986 107 983 151 976 NOTE The medical and ancillary cost of fatality is 919 834 in 2000 U.S. dollars. a Although the ancillary cost of a head AIS5 injury exceeds that of a fatality, the equations which calculate normalized injury costs do not produce normalized cos
42、ts which exceed a value of 1 Update the costs in Annex D accordingly and prepare other consequential amendments. ISO 2012 All rights reserved 5 ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) Add the following Table A.3 based on Miller, et al. (2001) to the end of Annex A: Table A.3 Quality of life costs Body region
43、 AIS injury severity level PPI Cost (USD) Head Head Head Head Head 1 2 3 4 5 - - - - - 46 102 202 455 315 330 681 113 1 695 212 Neck Neck Neck 3 4 5 - - - 174 066 1 520 370 2 164 209 Thorax Thorax Thorax Thorax Thorax 1 2 3 4 5 - - - - - 3 552 53 310 91 870 156 950 203 090 Abdomen Abdomen Abdomen Ab
44、domen 1 2 3 4 - - - - 3 552 53 310 91 870 156 950 Lower extremities Lower extremities Lower extremities Lower extremities Lower extremities - - - - - 07 15 22 27 38 106 426 228 056 334 481 410 500 577 741 NOTE The quality of life cost of fatality is 2 389 179 in 2000 U.S. dollars. Page 31, Annex C A
45、dd the following variable definitions to Annex C: Variable Definition CF co Comprehensive cost of fatality IC norm,co Injury comprehensive cost, normalized CS norm,co Normalized comprehensive cost of survival 6 ISO 2012 All rights reserved ISO 13232-5:2005/Amd.1:2012(E) Page 34, Annex D Replace the
46、computer code in Annex D with the following: c.+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8 c c This is the verison in ISO/DIS 13232-5 Annex D (2008) c c.+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8subroutine icm2009(Idatin,Rdatin,Table,Datout,Ierr)implicit noneinteger Idatin(5), Ierrreal Rdatin(6), Table(9,6), Datout(12) c* c c name c c icm - Evaluate t
47、he Injury Cost Model c c description c c This subroutine evaluates the Injury Cost Model for the inputs c in arrays Idatin and Rdatin. Output is returned in arrays Table c and Datout. c c calling sequence c c argument i/o description c - - - c Idatin i integer data input array, elements as follows:
48、c element symbol description c - - - c 1 FF3 number of AIS 3 femur fractures c 2 TF2 number of AIS 2 tibia fractures c 3 TF3 number of AIS 3 tibia fractures c 4 KDI2 number of AIS 2 knee dislocated c injuries c 5 KDI3 number of AIS 3 knee dislocated c injuries c c Rdatin i real data input array, elements as follows: c element symbol units description c - - - - c 1 AP mm maximum abdomen c penetration c 2 Gmax - maximum GAMBIT c 3 Cmax % maximum normalized chest c compression c 4 V
