1、 ISO 2017 Protective clothing against heat and flame Part 2: Skin burn injury prediction Calculation requirements and test cases Vtements de protection contre la chaleur et les flammes Partie 2: Prdiction de blessure par brlure de la peau Exigences de calculs et cas dessai INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO
2、 13506-2 First edition 2017-07 Reference number ISO 13506-2:2017(E) ISO 13506-2:2017(E)ii ISO 2017 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise
3、in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Ch. d
4、e Blandonnet 8 CP 401 CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 copyrightiso.org www.iso.org ISO 13506-2:2017(E)Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 General 3 5 Apparatus, specimen preparation and test pro
5、cedure. 4 6 Predicted skin burn injury calculation . 4 6.1 Skin model 4 6.1.1 General 4 6.1.2 Manikin sensor heat flux values as function of time . 4 6.1.3 Determination of the predicted skin and subcutaneous tissue (adipose) internal temperature field . 4 6.1.4 Initial and boundary conditions . 7 6
6、.1.5 Determination of the value for the prediction of skin burn injury 7 6.1.6 Time to pain . 8 7 Skin burn injury calculation test cases and in situ calibration 9 7.1 Test cases and in situ calibration 9 7.2 Skin layer temperature prediction test cases . 9 7.2.1 General 9 7.2.2 Case one . 9 7.2.3 C
7、ase two 9 7.2.4 Accuracy requirement . 9 7.3 Skin burn injury calculation test cases 10 7.4 In situ calibration of burn injury prediction 11 8 Test report 12 8.1 General 12 8.2 Skin model .12 8.3 Calculated results.13 8.3.1 General.13 8.3.2 Predicted area (%) of manikin injured based on the total ar
8、ea of the manikin containing heat flux sensors .13 8.3.3 Predicted area (%) of manikin injured based only on the area of manikin covered by the test specimen .13 8.3.4 Other information 13 Annex A (normative) Skin model with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity, k(x,T) 14 Annex B (informative)
9、 Inter-laboratory test data burn injury prediction .16 Bibliography .18 ISO 2017 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO 13506-2:2017(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of prepari
10、ng International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in lia
11、ison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Di
12、rectives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives). Attention is drawn to the possibility t
13、hat some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent
14、declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents). Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not constitute an endorsement. For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to con
15、formity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: w w w . i s o .org/ iso/ foreword .html. This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 94, Personal safety Prote
16、ctive clothing and equipment, Subcommittee SC 13, Protective clothing. This first edition of ISO 13506-2, together with ISO 13506-1, cancels and replaces the first edition of ISO 13506:2008, which has been technically revised. A list of all parts in the ISO 13506 series can be found on the ISO websi
17、te.iv ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO 13506-2:2017(E) Introduction The purpose of heat and flame-resistant protective clothing is to shield the wearer from hazards that can cause skin burn injury. The clothing can be made from one or more materials, which can be made into a garment or protective cl
18、othing ensemble for testing on a manikin fire exposure system. This document is a companion document to ISO 13506-1. It replaces ISO 13506:2008, Annex C and specifies in a normative way the method of calculating and reporting test results for ISO 13506-1 in the form of skin burn injury prediction. T
19、he data gathered by tests according to ISO 13506-1 are used as input for this calculation. In the test method standard ISO 13506-1, a stationary, upright, adult-sized manikin is dressed in a garment or protective clothing ensemble and exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire with controlled heat
20、 flux, duration and flame distribution. The average incident heat flux to the exterior of the garment is 84 kW/m 2 . Thermal energy sensors are fitted to the surface of the manikin. The output from the sensors is used to calculate the heat flux variation with time and location on the manikin and to
21、determine the total energy absorbed over the data-gathering period. The data-gathering period is selected to ensure that the total energy transferred will no longer be rising. The information obtained from the calculation of skin burn injury prediction (see Annex B) can be used to assist in evaluati
22、ng the performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble under the test conditions. It can also be used as a model-based tool to estimate the extent and nature of potential skin damage resulting from the exposure of the test garment. Fit of the garment or protective clothing ensemble on the
23、 manikin is important. Thus, variations in garment or protective clothing ensemble design and how the manikin is dressed by the operator may influence the test results and skin burn injury prediction. Experience suggests that testing a garment one size larger than the standard can reduce the percent
24、age of predicted body burn by up to 5 %. The ISO/TC 94/SC 13 and SC 14 committees and the European Committee for Standardization CEN/TC 162 specify the method described in this document as an optional part in the fire fighter standards ISO 11999-3 and EN 469 and as an optional part in the industrial
25、 heat and flame protective clothing standard ISO 11612. The National Fire Protection Association standard NFPA 2112 6(specifies ASTM F1930-17 7 , which is a test method similar to the one described in ISO 13506-1 and which contains skin burn injury prediction calculations similar to the one describe
26、d in this document. ISO 2017 All rights reserved v Protective clothing against heat and flame Part 2: Skin burn injury prediction Calculation requirements and test cases 1 Scope This document provides technical details for calculating predicted burn injury to human skin when its surface is subject t
27、o a varying heat flux, such as may occur due to energy transmitted through and by a garment or protective clothing ensemble exposed to flames. A series of test cases are provided against which the burn injury prediction calculation method is verified. It also contains requirements for the in situ ca
28、libration of the thermal energy sensor skin injury prediction system for the range of heat fluxes that occur under garments. The skin burn injury calculation methods as presented in this test method do not include terms for handling short wavelength radiation that may penetrate the skin. The latter
29、include arc flashes, some types of fire exposures with liquid or solid fuels, and nuclear sources. 2 Normative references The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edit
30、ion cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO/TR 11610, Protective clothing Vocabulary ISO 13506-1:2017, Protective clothing against heat and flame Part 1: Test method for complete garments Measurement of transferred
31、energy using an instrumented manikin 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13506-1 and ISO/TR 11610 and the following apply. ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses: IEC Electroped
32、ia: available at h t t p :/ www .electropedia .org/ ISO Online browsing platform: available at h t t p :/ www .iso .org/ obp INTERNATIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 13506-2:2017(E) ISO 2017 All rights reserved 1 ISO 13506-2:2017(E) 3.1 burn injury burn damage which occurs at various depths within human tissue d
33、ue to elevated temperatures resulting from heat transfer to the surface Note 1 to entry: Burn injury in human tissue occurs when the tissue is heated and kept at an elevated temperature (44 C) for a critical period of time. In this document, it is assumed that skin has three layers: the epidermis, w
34、hich is the tough outer layer, the dermis, which is the layer below the epidermis, and the subcutaneous tissue (adipose), which is the fatty layer of tissue deeper than the dermis. In this document, it is assumed that the thicknesses of the layers are the same everywhere on the human body. Variation
35、s in thickness that occur with age, location and sex are not included. The severity of damage, referred to as predicted first-, second-, or third-degree (or partial thickness or full thickness) burn injury, depends upon the magnitude of the elevated temperature above 44 C and the time during which i
36、t remains at or above 44 C. 3.1.1 first-degree burn injury first-degree burn burn damage in which only the superficial part of the epidermis has been injured Note 1 to entry: The skin turns red, but does not blister or actually burn through. First-degree burn injury is reversible. In this document,
37、the time for a predicted first-degree burn injury to occur is indicated when the value of = 0,53 see Formula (3) at a skin depth of 75 10 6m (75 m), i.e. at the epidermis/dermis interface. 3.1.1.1 first-degree burn injury area first-degree burn area sum of the areas represented by heat flux sensors
38、for which only a calculated first-degree burn injury is predicted to occur 3.1.2 second-degree burn injury second-degree burn partial thickness burn burn damage in which the epidermis and a varying extent of the dermis are burned, but the entire thickness of the dermis is not usually destroyed and t
39、he subcutaneous layer is not injured Note 1 to entry: Second-degree burn injury is more serious than first-degree burn injury, resulting in complete necrosis (living cell death) of the epidermis layer, usually accompanied with a blister, but is reversible especially if the affected area is small. In
40、 this document, the time for a predicted second-degree burn injury to occur is indicated when the value of = 1,0 see Formula (3) at a skin depth of 75 10 6m (75 m), i.e. at the epidermis/dermis interface. 3.1.2.1 second-degree burn injury area second-degree burn area sum of the areas represented by
41、heat flux sensors for which a calculated second-degree burn injury is the most severe injury predicted to occur 3.1.3 third-degree burn injury third-degree burn full thickness burn burn damage which extends through the dermis, into or beyond the subcutaneous tissue Note 1 to entry: Third-degree burn
42、 injury is not reversible. In this document, the time for a predicted third-degree burn injury to occur is indicated when the value of = 1,0 see Formula (3) at a skin depth of 1 200 10 6m (1 200 m), i.e. at the dermis/subcutaneous interface.2 ISO 2017 All rights reserved ISO 13506-2:2017(E) 3.1.3.1
43、third-degree burn injury area third-degree burn area sum of the areas represented by the heat flux sensors for which a calculated third-degree burn injury is predicted to occur 3.1.4 total burn injury area total burn area sum of the areas represented by the heat flux sensors for which at least a sec
44、ond-degree burn injury is predicted to occur 3.2 omega value burn injury parameter, the value of the damage integral see Formula(3), which indicates predicted burn injury (3.1) at specific skin depths and temperature regimes 3.3 pain area sum of the areas represented by the heat flux sensors for whi
45、ch pain is predicted to occur 3.4 time to pain time taken for the pain receptors to reach 43,2 C Note 1 to entry: In this document, the pain receptors are located 195 10 6m (195 m) below the surface of the skin. 4 General The calculation of predicted skin burn injury is a desirable result when used
46、to compare the relative performance of protective clothing using test methods that measure heat to the manikin surface for a defined thermal energy exposure. This document outlines the calculation method that shall be used for this purpose when conducting the tests as described in ISO 13506-1. ISO 1
47、3506-1 specifies the method for the measurement of the energy transfer, which can be used as a basis for evaluation of the relative thermal protective performance of the test specimen. The performance is a function of both the materials of construction and design and of fit of clothing onto the test
48、 manikin. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m 2with durations from 3 s to 12 s. Predicted burn injury determined in this test method uses a simplified mathematical model that does not directly translate into actual human skin burn injury for any exposure test conditions. The model is based on
49、measurements on human fore arms. The test specimen is placed on an adult-size manikin at ambient atmospheric conditions and exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire with controlled heat flux, duration and flame distribution. The test procedure, data acquisition, result calculations and preparation of the test report are performed with computer hardware and software programs. Thermal energy transferred through the test specimen and from the test specimen to the surface of the manikin dur
