1、Imaging materials Reflection colour photographic prints Method for testing humidity fastness Matriaux pour limage Tirages photographiques en couleurs par rflexion Mthode dessai de la solidit lhumidit ISO 2011 Reference number ISO 18946:2011(E) First edition 2011-12-15 ISO 18946 INTERNATIONAL STANDAR
2、DISO 18946:2011(E)COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2011 All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either IS
3、O at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2011 All rights reservedISO 18946:2011(E) ISO 2011 A
4、ll rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword . v Introduction .vi 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions . 1 4 Requirements . 2 5 Outline of test procedure 2 6 Sample preparation . 3 6.1 General . 3 6.2 Test target 4 6.3 Printer driver setting . 5 6.4 Printing conditions 5 6.5
5、 Sample conditioning . 5 7 Humidity exposure 6 7.1 Equipment and calibration 6 7.2 Test environment control 6 7.3 Method A Fixed humidity condition 7 7.4 Method B Multiple humidity conditions . 7 7.5 Method C Fixed low-humidity condition 7 8 Colorimetric measurement . 7 9 Data analysis 8 10 Test rep
6、ort . 9 10.1 General . 9 10.2 Samples information 9 10.3 Test conditions . 9 10.4 Results . 9 Annex A (informative) Correspondence to psychophysical evaluation 11 Bibliography .12Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
7、(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, g
8、overnmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/I
9、EC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the mem
10、ber bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 18946 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography. ISO
11、18946:2011(E)iv ISO 2011 All rights reservedIntroduction This International Standard addresses the methods and procedures for testing the humidity fastness of reflection colour photographic prints. Low and high humidity exposure are covered. This is of particular relevance to dye- based ink-jet prin
12、ts or dye diffusion process prints 10111213141516 . Some types of colour photographic print suffer from changes in image appearance when exposed to a high relative humidity environment. The observed changes relate to colour, tone and loss of sharpness caused by horizontal and vertical diffusion of c
13、olorants as a result of exposure to elevated humidity. The elevated humidity can arise from: a) exposure to high relative humidity of the environment of the display area or storage space; b) trapped moisture as a result of stacking prints, or inserting them into albums, in a high relative humidity e
14、nvironment; c) trapped moisture as a result of stacking prints, or inserting them into albums, before sufficient dry time has elapsed. Therefore, humidity based on meteorological data and users behaviour was considered in determining the appropriate test conditions for the humidity fastness test. Th
15、e test method stipulated in this International Standard is validated for case a). Image deterioration of dye-based prints caused by high humidity is often detectable by the following characteristics. Blur (sharpness loss), change of colour and/or tone is observed. The deterioration is observed in hi
16、gher humidity, commonly over 80 %RH or over 90 %RH. The deterioration can occur in a relatively short time, even within one or two weeks. Higher density images, or images that contain more secondary or mixed colours, are generally more affected. The largest change is usually observed at the boundary
17、 of different colours, or with images that have contrasting background colours. The size of the higher density area also affects the deterioration because the solvent and water of the ink diffuses to the adjacent lower density area when the higher density area is small. It is important to take into
18、account these characteristics when determining the appropriate test chart and test conditions. It has also been observed that low relative humidities can accelerate the yellowing of certain types of inkjet papers. Indoor low humidities are common in colder climates as a result of heating air drawn i
19、n from the outdoors with very low dew points, and also in hot, dry climates in combination with air conditioning. In addition to D minyellowing, very low humidities have also been shown to cause physical degradation to image-receiving layers; this phenomenon is outside the scope of this Internationa
20、l Standard. This International Standard makes use of a checkerboard pattern that allows assessment of humidity-induced blur by means of a relatively simple colorimetric measurement 11 . ISO 18946:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved vINTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18946:2011(E) Imaging materials Reflect
21、ion colour photographic prints Method for testing humidity fastness 1 Scope This International Standard describes test methods for evaluating reflection colour photographic prints with regard to changes in image appearance resulting from exposure to both low and high relative humidity. The observed
22、changes relate to colour, tone and loss of sharpness caused by horizontal and vertical diffusion of colorants from exposure to elevated humidity levels. Other humidity-related factors, such as mould and mildew growth, and physical damage, such as curl, cockle, cracking or delamination due to humidit
23、y cycling, are outside the scope of this test method. Although the method and procedures described in this International Standard can be used to test any colour hardcopy technology, it is particularly appropriate to systems where the colorants are applied by a mechanism involving the diffusion of co
24、lorant into image-receiving layers, for example inkjet or dye diffusion processes, and to certain types of inkjet media that are susceptible to D minyellowing. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only
25、 the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 18913, Imaging materials Permanence Vocabulary ISO 18931, Imaging materials Recommendations for humidity measurement and control ISO 18941, Imaging materials Colo
26、ur reflection prints Test method for ozone gas fading stability ISO 13655, Graphic technology Spectral measurement and colorimetric computation for graphic arts images ISO 11664-4, Colorimetry Part 4: CIE 1976 L*a*b* Colour space 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms a
27、nd definitions given in ISO 18913 and the following apply. 3.1 operational control point set point for equilibrium conditions measured at one or more sensor locations in an exposure device NOTE Adapted from ASTM G113. 3.2 operational fluctuations positive and negative deviations from the setting of
28、the sensor at the operational control set point during equilibrium conditions in a laboratory accelerated weathering device NOTE 1 Operational fluctuations are the result of unavoidable machine variables and do not include measurement uncertainty. Operational fluctuations apply only at the location
29、of the control sensor and do not imply uniformity of conditions throughout the test chamber. NOTE 2 Adapted from ASTM G113. ISO 2011 All rights reserved 13.3 operational uniformity range around the operational control point for measured parameters within the intended exposure area, within the limits
30、 of the intended operational range NOTE Adapted from ASTM G113. 3.4 uncertainty (of measurement) parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes the dispersion of the values that could be reasonably attributed to the measurement NOTE 1 The parameter might be, for example,
31、a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval having a stated confidence level. NOTE 2 Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components can be evaluated from statistical distribution of the results of series of measureme
32、nts and can be characterized by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which can also be characterized by standard deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information. NOTE 3 It is understood that the result of the measurement is
33、 the best estimate of the value of the measurement and that all components of uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as components associated with corrections and reference standards, contribute to the dispersion. NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 2.2.3. 4 Requ
34、irements This International Standard specifies a set of recommended test methods with associated requirements for permitted reporting. Data from these tests shall not be used to make life expectancy claims, such as time- based print lifetime claims, either comparative or absolute. Conversion of data
35、 obtained from these methods for the purpose of making public statements regarding product life shall be in accordance with the applicable International Standards for specification of print life. The test methods in this International Standard might be useful as stand-alone test methods for comparis
36、on of the stability of image materials with respect to one specific failure mode. Data from the test methods of this International Standard may be used in stand-alone reporting of the absolute or comparative stability of image materials with respect to the specific failure mode dealt with in this In
37、ternational Standard, when reported in compliance with the reporting requirements of this International Standard. Caution shall be exercised when comparing test results for different materials. Comparisons shall be limited to test cases that use equipment with matching specifications and matching te
38、st conditions. 5 Outline of test procedure The checkerboard pattern 11shown in Figure 1 shall be printed at (23 2) C and in an environment of (50 10) %RH. The test samples shall be conditioned, positioned with unrestricted airflow, for (24 2) h at (23 2) C and (50 5) %RH. The printed samples shall b
39、e exposed to high humidity or low humidity as specified in Clause 7. The colour patches shall be measured using CIELAB colorimetry before and after the humidity exposures. E for the patches of the checkerboard pattern shall be calculated. This International Standard stipulates three test methods: A,
40、 B, and C. Method A demonstrates the degree of the deterioration ( E of the printed image) quantitatively in a fixed humidity condition, i.e. 25 C and 85 %RH, for a given period of time. Four weeks is the recommended duration. One, two or eight week durations can be used. Method A is most useful for
41、 research and development of ISO 18946:2011(E)2 ISO 2011 All rights reservedprinting systems or printing materials where the humidity fastness of many samples can be screened and closely compared. Method B demonstrates the limitations of printing systems and materials by analysing data from tests at
42、 various levels of humidity, i.e. 25 C for two weeks at three or more humidity levels chosen from 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95 %RH, and showing where each sample starts to deteriorate. Method B is especially useful for communicating with end users who will be able to recognize the high humidity
43、 limitations for each product tested. Method C demonstrates the propensity of the image-receiving layer or underlying substrate to yellow upon exposure to low relative humidities, i.e. 25 C at 20 %RH for up to six months 18 . The test procedures are summarized in Table 1. Table 1 Summary of test pro
44、cedures Steps Procedures and test conditions Sample preparation Test target Checkerboard pattern shown in Figure 1 Temperature and RH (23 2) C and (50 10) %RH Sample conditioning Temperature and RH (23 2) C and (50 5) %RH Duration (24 2) h, unrestricted airflow Measurement Method CIE colorimetry con
45、forming to measurement condition M0 of ISO 13655 Parameter E of 84 patches in Figure 1 before and after the humidity exposure Humidity exposure Method A 25 C and 85 %RH Recommended duration of 4 weeks One, two or eight week durations can be used Method B 25 C for two weeks at three or more humidity
46、levels chosen from 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 and 95 %RH Method C 25 C at 20 %RH for up to six months Measurement Method CIE colorimetry conforming to measurement condition M0 of ISO 13655 Parameter E of 84 patches in Figure 1 before and after the humidity exposure Report Methods A and C Measured de
47、terioration at a fixed humidity Method B Highest limit humidity without significant deterioration 6 Sample preparation 6.1 General The checkerboard pattern shown in Figure 1 shall be printed at (23 2) C and (50 10) %RH. The test samples shall be conditioned for (24 2) h at (23 2) C and (50 5) %RH be
48、fore humidity exposure, positioned with unrestricted airflow. The sample holding environment shall be ozone-free 2 nl/l 1)average ozone concentration over any 24 h period for ozone-sensitive samples, as determined in accordance with ISO 18941. A material that is not sensitive to ozone shall have dem
49、onstrated no measurable D minor printed patch colour change at ambient 1) 1 nl/l = 1ppb (1 109). Although the notation “ppb” (parts per billion) is widely used in the measurement and reporting of trace amounts of pollutants in the atmosphere, it is not used in International Standards because it is language-dependent. ISO 18946:2011(E) ISO 2011 All rights reserved 3ozone exposure levels and measurement condition temperature
