1、INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22156 First edition 2004-05-15 Reference number ISO 22156:2004(E) ISO 2004 Bamboo Structural design Bambou Conception des structuresISO 22156:2004(E) ii ISO 2004 All rights reserved PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes lice
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6、749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in SwitzerlandISO 22156:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved iii Contents Page 1 Scope 1 2 Normative references 1 3 Terms and definitions 1 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2 5 Basic requirements . 2 6 Design concepts
7、 3 7 Structural design . 4 8 Schematisation 6 9 Beams (predominantly loaded in bending) . 6 10 Columns (predominantly loaded in an axial direction) 7 11 Joints 7 12 Assemblies (trusses) . 9 13 Panels . 10 14 Reinforcement in concrete and soil . 11 15 Durability and preservation 11 16 Fire protection
8、 11 17 Grading . 12 18 Quality control 12 Annex A (informative) Background and history 14 Annex B (informative) Assumptions . 15ISO 22156:2004(E) iv ISO 2004 All rights reserved Foreword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (
9、ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, go
10、vernmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IE
11、C Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the memb
12、er bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 22156 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 165, Timber structures
13、.INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22156:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 1 Bamboo Structural design 1S c o p e This International Standard applies to the use of bamboo structures, i.e. structures made of bamboo (round bamboo, split bamboo, glued laminated bamboo) or bamboo-based panels joined together
14、 with adhesives or mechanical fasteners. This International Standard is based on limit-state design, and on the performance of the structure; see also 7.1. It is only concerned with the requirements for mechanical resistance, serviceability and durability of structures. Other requirements, e.g. conc
15、erning thermal or sound insulation, are not considered. Bamboo used as a composite structure may require additional considerations beyond this International Standard. Execution (work on-site, and fabrication of components off-site, and their erection on-site) is covered to the extent that is necessa
16、ry to indicate the quality of construction materials and products which should be used and the standard of workmanship on-site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
17、For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 6891, Timber structures Joints made with mechanical fasteners General principles for the determination of strength and deformation chara
18、cteristics ISO 16670, Timber structures Joints made with mechanical fasteners Quasi-static reversed-cyclic test method ISO 22157-1, Bamboo Determination of physical and mechanical properties Part 1: Requirements 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and defin
19、itions apply. 3.1 joint connection between two or more bamboo structural elements 3.2 node place in a bamboo culm where branches sprout and where a diaphragm is inside the culmISO 22156:2004(E) 2 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms the allowable stress, in the second moment
20、of area, in 5 Basic requirements 5.1 General A structure shall be designed and constructed in such a way that with acceptable probability, it will remain fit for the use for which it is required, having due regard to its intended life and costs, and with appropriate degrees of reliability, it will s
21、ustain all actions and influences likely to occur during execution and use and have adequate durability in relation to maintenance costs. NOTE See also informative Annex B. 5.2 Exceptional events A structure shall also be designed in such a way that it will not be damaged by events like explosions,
22、impact or consequences of human errors, to an extent disproportionate to the original cause. 5.3 Potential damage The potential damage should be limited or avoided by the appropriate choice of one or more of the following: avoiding, eliminating or reducing the hazards which the structure is to susta
23、in; selecting a structural form that has low sensitivity to the hazards considered; selecting a structural form and design that can survive adequately the accidental removal of an individual element; selecting a structural form and design which provides sufficient continuity between individual eleme
24、nts. 5.4 Choice of materials The above requirements shall be met by the choice of suitable materials, by appropriate design and detailing and by specifying control procedures for production, construction and use as relevant for the particular project. 5.5 Exception All bamboo constructions shall com
25、ply with this International Standard completely; as an exception, constructions complying only with 6.2.2 and/or 6.2.3 are deemed to comply with the requirements of this standard. The purpose of this exception is that building processes in the informal sector need a long period of teaching and train
26、ing in order to support self-help building to the full, and also to promote the self-reliance of lower income groups. National Building Codes should specify step-wise processes starting from zero, until the said assumptions can be reached in the future. all N/mm 2 I B mm 4ISO 22156:2004(E) ISO 2004
27、All rights reserved 3 6 Design concepts 6.1 Concepts based on calculations Bamboo construction design concepts shall be based on calculations, verifying that no relevant limit state or no relevant permissible stress is exceeded (see Clause 7), except as noted in 6.2. 6.2 Concepts based otherwise 6.2
28、.1 General Bamboo construction design concepts are deemed to comply, provided the concepts are based on one of the items in 6.2.2 or 6.2.3. 6.2.2 Experience from previous generations Experience from previous generations is well preserved in local traditions, and carefully transmitted to people livin
29、g today. This expertise can be considered as an informal, non-codified “standard”. Criteria for reliability are: the content shall be generally known and accepted; it shall be considered as an old and pure tradition, as general wisdom; the community shall be characterised by an undisturbed social st
30、ructure, with a well-recognised social pattern. Limitations are: the content is only applicable in similar situations; after migration, the presence of this tradition is no longer self-evident. 6.2.3 Reports on evaluations These reports are based on evaluations made after disasters like earthquakes
31、and hurricanes. If these reports contain descriptions cf structures which did survive a quantitatively described disaster, similar structures shall be considered as adequate for similar disasters in the future. Criteria for the reliability are: the report shall be written by acknowledged engineers,
32、with adequate experience in the field; the report shall be accepted by the international technical community and/or proven by referees; the report shall provide full details and full information, with which one can build similar structures. Limitations are: the report is only applicable in similar s
33、ituations. 6.3 Alternative design It is permissible to use alternative design rules which differ from this International Standard, provided that it is shown that the alternative rules comply with relevant principles and are at least equivalent with regard to the strength, serviceability and durabili
34、ty achieved for the structure with this International Standard.ISO 22156:2004(E) 4 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 7 Structural design 7.1 Limit states NOTE For allowable stress design, see 7.4. Limit states are states beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance requirements.
35、Limit states are classified into ultimate limit states, and serviceability limit states. Ultimate limit states are those associated with collapse, or with other forms of structural failure which may endanger the safety of people. States prior to structural collapse which, for simplicity, are conside
36、red in place of the collapse itself, are also classified and treated as ultimate limit states. Ultimate limit states, which may require consideration, include loss of equilibrium of the structure or any part of it, and failure by excessive deformation or excessive forces, causing rupture or loss of
37、stability of the structure or of any part of it, including supports and foundations. Serviceability limit states correspond to states beyond which specified service criteria are no longer met. Serviceability limit states, which may require consideration, include deformations or deflections which aff
38、ect the appearance or effective use of the structure (including the malfunction of machines or services) or cause damage to finishes or non-structural elements, and vibration which causes discomfort to people, damage to the building or its contents, or which limits its functional effectiveness. 7.2
39、Material properties 7.2.1 Characteristic value A material property is represented by a 5 percentile property, estimated from test results, obtained as in ISO 22157-1, with confidence that it represents the population. This is called the characteristic value. It can be obtained with this formula: whe
40、re is the characteristic value; is the 5 percentile from the test data; is the mean value from the test data; is the standard deviation from the test data; is the number of tests (at least 10). 7.2.2 Design stresses For the derivation of design stresses from the characteristic value, the following r
41、ules shall be applied. Strength and stiffness parameters shall be determined on the basis of tests for the types of action effects to which the material will be subjected in the structure, or on the basis of comparisons with similar bamboo species or bamboo-based materials or on well-established rel
42、ations between the different properties. 75 % R k =R 0,05 1 2,7 s m n R k R 0,05 m s nISO 22156:2004(E) ISO 2004 All rights reserved 5 It shall be shown that the dimensional stability and environmental behaviour are satisfactory for the intended purposes. Special attention shall be given to differen
43、ces between material originating from different localities. Since the characteristic values are determined on the assumption of a linear relation between stress and strain until failure, the strength verification of individual members shall also be based on such a linear relation. The structural beh
44、aviour shall generally be assessed by calculating the action effects with a linear material model (elastic behaviour). Service classes shall be defined according to the temperatures and relative humidity occurring in the regions. Design stresses shall be determined in a similar way as for timber str
45、uctures. 7.3 Design requirements It shall be verified that no relevant limit state is exceeded. All relevant design situations and load cases shall be considered. Possible deviations from the assumed directions or positions of actions shall be considered. Calculations shall be performed using approp
46、riate design models (supplemented, if necessary, by tests) involving all relevant variables. The models shall be sufficiently precise to predict the structural behaviour, commensurate with the standard of workmanship (of the labour force) likely to be achieved, and with the reliability of the inform
47、ation on which the design is based. The verification of limit states, and the partial safety factors, shall be in accordance with relevant National Standards. The loads and actions, to be considered in the calculations, shall be in accordance with relevant National Standards. 7.4 Allowable stresses
48、Instead of the limit-state design procedure, allowable stress design can be adopted. Allowable stresses can be derived from test results with the following formula: where is the allowable stress, in ; is the characteristic value; is the modification for the difference between laboratory quality and
49、practice; default value 0,5; is the modification value for duration of load: 1,0 for permanent load, 1,25 for permanent plus temporary load, 1,5 for the above plus wind-load; is the factor of safety, default value 2,25. NOTE With a standard deviation of and for a permanent load, the allowable stress is about 1/7 of the mean ultimate strength. all =R k G D S all N/mm 2 R k G D S 15 %ISO 22156:2004(E) 6 ISO 2004 All rights reserved 7.5 Sound construction practices The design
