1、 ISO 2015 General principles on reliability for structures Principes gnraux de la fiabilit des constructions INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2394 Fourth edition 2015-03-01 Reference number ISO 2394:2015(E) ISO 2394:2015(E)ii ISO 2015 All rights reserved COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT ISO 2015 All rights re
2、served. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either
3、ISO at the address below or ISOs member body in the country of the requester. ISO copyright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ISO 2394:2015(E)Foreword vi Introduction vii 1 Scope . 1
4、2 T erms and definitions . 1 2.1 General terms . 1 2.2 Terms related to design and assessment . . 5 2.3 Terms related to actions, action effects, and environmental influences . 8 2.4 Terms related to structural response, resistance, material properties, and geometrical quantities .11 3 Symbols .12 3
5、.1 General 12 3.2 Latin upper case letters 12 3.3 Latin lower case letters.13 3.4 Greek letters .13 3.5 Subscripts .14 4 Fundamentals .14 4.1 General 14 4.2 Aims and requirements to structures 14 4.2.1 Fundamental requirements to structures .14 4.2.2 Target performance level .15 4.3 Conceptual basis
6、 .16 4.3.1 Decisions concerning structures .16 4.3.2 Structural performance modelling 17 4.3.3 Uncertainty and treatment of knowledge .17 4.4 Approaches18 4.4.1 General.18 4.4.2 Risk-informed and reliability-based approaches .18 4.4.3 Semi-probabilistic approaches .20 4.5 Documentation 20 5 Performa
7、nce modelling 21 5.1 General 21 5.1.1 Structural performance and limit state concept21 5.1.2 Performance and performance indicators 21 5.1.3 Basic performance requirement and design situations 21 5.1.4 Levels of verification21 5.2 Performance model 22 5.2.1 General.22 5.2.2 Time-dependent aspects 22
8、 5.2.3 System aspects 22 5.3 Limit states 23 5.3.1 Ultimate limit state .23 5.3.2 Serviceability limit states 23 5.3.3 Condition limit states 24 5.3.4 Limit state function.24 ISO 2015 All rights reserved iii Contents Page ISO 2394:2015(E)6 Uncertainty representation and modelling .25 6.1 General 25
9、6.1.1 Types of uncertainty 25 6.1.2 Treatment of uncertainty 26 6.1.3 Interpretation of probability 26 6.1.4 Probabilistic models 26 6.1.5 Population/outcome space 26 6.1.6 Hierarchical modelling of uncertainty .27 6.2 Models for structural analysis 27 6.2.1 General.27 6.2.2 Actions and environmenta
10、l influences 28 6.2.3 Geometrical properties .30 6.2.4 Material properties .30 6.2.5 Responses and resistances .31 6.3 Models for consequences 33 6.4 Model uncertainty .34 6.5 Experimental models .34 6.6 Updating of probabilistic models .35 7 Risk-informed decision making 35 7.1 General 35 7.2 Syste
11、m identification 35 7.3 System modelling .36 7.4 Risk quantification 36 7.5 Decision optimization and risk acceptance.36 8 Reliability-based decision making .37 8.1 General 37 8.2 Decisions based on updated probability measures 38 8.3 Systems reliability versus component reliability .38 8.4 Target f
12、ailure probabilities 39 8.5 Calculation of the probability of failure 39 8.5.1 General.39 8.5.2 Time-invariant reliability problems .40 8.5.3 Transformation of time-variant into time-invariant problems 40 8.5.4 Out-crossing approach . 40 8.6 Implementation of probability-based design 41 9 Semi-proba
13、bilistic method .41 9.1 General 41 9.2 Basic principles41 9.3 Representative and characteristic values .42 9.3.1 Actions .42 9.3.2 Resistances .43 9.4 Safety formats .43 9.4.1 General.43 9.4.2 Partial factor method 44 9.4.3 The design value method .46 9.5 Verification in case of cumulative damage .4
14、7 Annex A (informative) Quality management 48 Annex B (informative) Lifetime management of structural integrity .55 Annex C (informative) Design based on observations and experimental models .62 Annex D (informative) Reliability of geotechnical structures .71 Annex E (informative) Code calibration .
15、79 iv ISO 2015 All rights reserved Contents Page ISO 2394:2015(E)Annex F (informative) Structural robustness .88 Annex G (informative) Optimization and criterion on life safety 100 Bibliography .110 ISO 2015 All rights reserved v Contents Page ISO 2394:2015(E) Foreword ISO (the International Organiz
16、ation for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established
17、 has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. T
18、he procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
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21、n explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISOs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword Supplementary information. The committee responsible for th
22、is document is ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures, SC 2, Reliability of structures. This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2394:1998), which has been technically revised.vi ISO 2015 All rights reserved ISO 2394:2015(E) Introduction The present fourth edition of this I
23、nternational Standard is intended to reflect advances in the common basis for decision making related to load-bearing structures relevant to the construction industry. Advances range from the development of systematic and rational treatment of risk to implementation of reliability-based design throu
24、gh codes and standards. Compliance with this International Standard should therefore promote harmonization of design practice internationally and unification between the respective codes and standards such as for actions and resistances for the respective structural materials. The principles and app
25、ropriate instruments to ensure adequate levels of reliability provide for special classes of structures or projects where the common experience base need to be extended in a rational manner. In particular, a risk framework has been introduced which is scenario based, facilitates unified modelling ap
26、proaches over different applications, accounts for consequences of both a direct and indirect nature, and has emphasis on robustness. Whereas requirements to safety and reliability in the previous edition of this International Standard took their basis in efficiency requirements of a heuristic chara
27、cter, these are now based on risk considerations and socio-economics. This, in turn, facilitates a more relevant use of the International Standard in the context of sustainable societal developments and adaptation for application of the International Standard in different nation states in accordance
28、 with economic capacity and preferences. The present International Standard, thus, enables the possibility to regulate, verify, and document the adequate safe performance of structures and also to consider them in a broader sense as part of societal systems. The International Standard provides for a
29、pproaches at three levels, namely the following: risk informed; reliability based; semi-probabilistic. The methodical basis for this edition of ISO 2394 is described in the Probabilistic Model Code 8and Risk Assessment in Engineering Principles, System Representation and Risk Criteria 9by the Joint
30、Committee on Structural Safety (JCSS), and EN 1990 (2007), where the reader will find additional information of relevance for its use. Informative Annexes are included to this International Standard as a support to its users in the interpretations and use of the principles contained in its clauses.
31、ISO 2015 All rights reserved vii General principles on reliability for structures 1 Scope This International Standard constitutes a risk- and reliability-informed foundation for decision making concerning design and assessment of structures both for the purpose of code making and in the context of s
32、pecific projects. The principles presented in this International Standard cover the majority of buildings, infrastructure, and civil engineering works, whatever the nature of their application and use or combination of the materials used 1) . The application of this International Standard will requi
33、re specific adaptation and detailing in special cases where there are potentially extreme consequences of failure 2) . This International Standard is intended to serve as a basis for those committees responsible for the task of preparing international standards, national standards, or codes of pract
34、ice in accordance with given objectives and context in a particular country. The present International Standard describes how the principles of risk and reliability can be utilized to support decisions related to the design and assessment of structures and systems involving structures over their ser
35、vice life. Three different but related levels of approach are facilitated, namely, a risk- informed, a reliability-based, and a semi-probabilistic approach. The general principles are applicable to the design of complete structures (buildings, bridges, industrial structures, etc.), the structural el
36、ements and joints making up the structures and the foundations. The principles of this International Standard are also applicable to the successive stages in construction, the handling of structural elements, their erection, and all work on-site, as well as the use of structures during their design
37、working life, including maintenance and rehabilitation, and decommissioning. Risk and reliability are concepts accounting for and describing actions, structural response, durability, life-cycle performance, consequences, design rules, workmanship, quality control procedures, and national requirement
38、s, all of which are mutually dependent. The application of this International Standard necessitates knowledge beyond what is contained in the Clauses and the Annexes. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that this knowledge is available and applied. 2 T erms a nd definiti ons 2.1 General t
39、erms 2.1.1 structure organized combination of connected parts including geotechnical structures designed to provide resistance and rigidity against various actions 2.1.2 structural member physically distinguishable part of a structure, e.g. column, beam, plate, foundation 1) The present Internationa
40、l Standard is completely general from the perspective of basic principles and can be applied for any structure below, on, and over the surface of the Earth. 2) This concerns, for example, structures of nuclear power plants and offshore oil and gas facilities in highly sensitive environments. INTERNA
41、TIONAL ST ANDARD ISO 2394:2015(E) ISO 2015 All rights reserved 1 ISO 2394:2015(E) 2.1.3 system bounded group of interrelated, interdependent, or interacting members forming an entity that achieves a defined objective in its environment through interaction of its parts and interactions of its parts w
42、ith the environment 2.1.4 structural system load-bearing members of a building or civil engineering structure and the way in which these members function together and interact with the environment 2.1.5 requirement demand with respect to structural aspects like safety for people and environment, fun
43、ctionality, usage, and commitment of resources and cost efficiency 2.1.6 compliance fulfilment of specified requirements 2.1.7 life cycle life cycle incorporates initiation, project definition, design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, refurbishment, replacement, deconstruction, a
44、nd ultimate disposal, recycling, or re-use of the structure (or parts thereof), including its components, systems, and building services 2.1.8 reliability ability of a structure or structural member to fulfil the specified requirements, during the working life, for which it has been designed. Note 1
45、 to entry: Reliability is often expressed in terms of probability. Note 2 to entry: Reliability covers safety, serviceability, and durability of a structure. 2.1.9 structural safety ability (of a structure or structural member) to avoid exceedance of ultimate limit states, including the effects of s
46、pecified accidental phenomena, with a specified level of reliability, during a specified period of time 2.1.10 durability capability of a structure or any structural member to satisfy with planned maintenance the design performance requirements over a specified period of time under the inf luence of
47、 the environmental actions 2.1.11 exposure events events which may cause damage or otherwise affect the performance indicators for the structure 2.1.12 assessment total set of activities performed in order to verify the reliability of an existing structure 2.1.13 upgrading modifications of an existi
48、ng structure, construction works, and procedures to improve its structural performance or facilitate its use for new purposes 2.1.14 repair (of a structure) restoring the condition of a structure that has been damaged or deteriorated2 ISO 2015 All rights reserved ISO 2394:2015(E) 2.1.15 rehabilitati
49、on repairing or upgrading of an existing structure 2.1.16 monitoring frequent or continuous, normally long-term, observation or measurement of structural conditions or actions or structural response 2.1.17 inspection on-site examination within the scope of quality control and condition assessment aiming to assess the present condition of a structure 2.1.18 constituent events events associated with damage or failure of structural members or parts of these, such as individual cross sections and joints 2.1.19 reliability-based design design
