1、 Reference number ISO 6497:2002(E) ISO 2002INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6497 First edition 2002-11-15 Animal feeding stuffs Sampling Aliments des animaux chantillonnage ISO 6497:2002(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file m
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6、 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.ch Web www.iso.ch Printed in Switzerland ii ISO 2002 All rights reservedISO 6497:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv 1 Scope 1 2 Terms and definitions. 1 3 General principles. 2 4 Sampling personnel 2 5 Identification and general inspection of
7、 the lot prior to sampling. 3 6 Sampling equipment. 3 7 Sample containers 4 8 Procedure. 4 8.1 Sampling location. 4 8.2 Classification of products for the purpose of sampling . 4 8.3 Sample size 5 8.4 Sampling of grains, seeds, pulses and pellets 5 8.5 Sampling of meals and powders . 7 8.6 Sampling
8、of roughages 9 8.7 Sampling of licks and blocks. 10 8.8 Sampling of liquids . 11 8.9 Sampling of semi-liquid (semi-solid) products 14 9 Packing, sealing and marking of samples and sample containers . 15 10 Sampling report. 16 Annex A (informative) Feeding stuffs containing undesirable substances whi
9、ch are likely to be non- uniformly distributed, including mycotoxins, castor-oil seed husks and poisonous seeds 17 Bibliography 19 ISO 6497:2002(E) iv ISO 2002 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
10、(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, g
11、overnmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/I
12、EC Directives, Part 3. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the mem
13、ber bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 6497 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 34, Food
14、 products, Subcommittee SC 10, Animal feeding stuffs. Annex A of this International Standard is for information only. INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 6497:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 1Animal feeding stuffs Sampling 1 Scope This International Standard specifies methods of sampling animal feeding
15、stuffs, including fish feed, for quality control for commercial, technical and legal purposes. It is not applicable to pet foods. Nor are the methods intended for sampling for the purpose of microbiological examination. Conditions of, and requirements for, sampling are specified separately for feedi
16、ng stuffs of different physical natures. For certain categories of animal feeding stuff, specific methods of sampling are specified in other International Standards. A list of these can be found in the bibliography. When sampling the products specified, it is these methods which shall be used. Metho
17、ds of sampling for the determination of substances likely to be non-uniformly distributed are described in Annex A. 2 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply. 2.1 consignment a specified quantity of feeding stuff on offer, disp
18、atched or received at one time NOTE It may consist of one or more lots (see 2.2). 2.2 lot an identified quantity of a consignment having characteristics presumed to be uniform NOTE The uniformity of the characteristics may be due, for example, to the fact that the products are supplied by a single p
19、roducer always using the same production process, where production is stable and the individual characteristics follow a normal distribution or a close approximation to a normal distribution (note that special circumstances can give rise to subdivisions in the distribution). Consequently, the term “
20、lot” means an “inspection lot” in sampling, i.e. a quantity of material or a collection of items (a population) from which a sample is to be drawn and inspected. It may therefore differ from a collection of items referred to as a lot in the shipment context, for example. 2.3 increment a quantity of
21、material taken at one time from a single point in a lot 2.4 bulk sample a quantity of material obtained by combining and mixing all the increments taken from the same lot NOTE A collection of distinct and identifiable increments intended for separate investigation may be denoted the “gross sample”.
22、ISO 6497:2002(E) 2 ISO 2002 All rights reserved2.5 reduced sample a representative part of the bulk sample, obtained by a process of successive division or reduction in such a manner that the mass or volume approximates to that of the laboratory samples 2.6 laboratory sample a sample representative
23、of the quality and condition of the lot, obtained by division of the reduced sample and intended for analysis or other examination NOTE For each sample taken, three or four laboratory samples are normally produced. One of these should be submitted for testing and at least one stored for reference pu
24、rposes. If more than four laboratory samples are required, the quantity of the reduced sample will have to be increased so that the minimum quantity requirement for all laboratory samples can be met. 3 General principles 3.1 Representative sampling The purpose of representative sampling is to obtain
25、 a small fraction from a lot in such a way that a determination of any particular characteristic of this fraction will represent the mean value of the characteristic of the lot. The lot shall be sampled by repeatedly taking increments at various single positions in the lot. These increments shall be
26、 combined by mixing to form a bulk sample from which representative laboratory samples shall be prepared by dividing. 3.2 Selective sampling If portions of the material to be sampled show a noticeable difference in quality from the rest of the material, such portions shall be separated from the mate
27、rial and treated as a separate lot. In such cases, mention shall be made of this fact in the sampling report. If it is not possible to divide the material into separate lots, the material shall be sampled as one lot, and the sampling report shall indicate this fact. The proportion of the product sus
28、pected to be different shall be given, if possible. 3.3 Statistical considerations Acceptance sampling is the usual method of sampling for animal feeding stuffs. For sampling by attributes, there is a theoretical sampling plan based on a binomial distribution, but, for practical purposes, this plan
29、has been simplified to a square-root relationship between the lot size and the number of increments. NOTE 1 With bulk products, sample variances can be expected to be acceptably uniform if, for lots up to 2,5 tonnes, at least seven increments are taken and, for lots between 2,5 tonnes and 80 tonnes,
30、 the number of increments taken is at least equal to 20m , where m is the mass, in tonnes, of the lot. If the lot exceeds 80 tonnes, the square-root relationship is still applicable, but the risk of making incorrect decisions on the basis of the samples increases. However, this can be the subject of
31、 agreement between the interested parties. NOTE 2 The application of the square-root relationship is somewhat different for the sampling of packaged animal feeding stuffs, for liquids and semi-liquids, for blocks and licks and for roughages, because the sample size may vary. 4 Sampling personnel Sam
32、pling shall be carried out by persons suitably trained and experienced in the sampling of animal feeding stuffs and who are particularly aware of the hazards and dangers the product and the sampling process may involve. ISO 6497:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 35 Identification and general insp
33、ection of the lot prior to sampling Positively identify the lot in question before any samples are taken, and, for this purpose, compare, as appropriate, the number of items in the lot, the mass of the lot or the volume of the lot, and the markings on containers and labels, with the entries on the r
34、elevant documents. Note for inclusion in the sampling report any features, relevant to the taking of representative samples, concerning the condition of the lot and of the surroundings. Separate damaged portions of the lot and/or, if the lot is unduly heterogeneous, divide it into portions with more
35、 similar properties. Treat each of these portions as separate lots. 6 Sampling equipment 6.1 General Select a sampling device appropriate to the particle size of the product, the size of the sample to be taken, the size of the container, the physical state of the product, etc. 6.2 Apparatus for taki
36、ng increments from solid products 6.2.1 Examples of apparatus for manual sampling 6.2.1.1 Sampling from bulk Examples are an ordinary shovel, hand-scoop, cylindrical sampler (for example sampling spear, stick-trier or sleeve-trier) and conical sampler. The sampling spear may comprise one or more com
37、partments. Sampling of products in motion at relatively low flow rates can be performed manually. 6.2.1.2 Sampling from bags or other packages Examples are a hand-scoop, sack-type sampling spear or trier, cylindrical sampler, conical sampler and riffle divider. 6.2.2 Examples of apparatus for mechan
38、ical sampling Approved apparatus for taking increments periodically from a flow of product (for example pneumatic apparatus) may be used. Sampling of products in motion at high flow rates can be performed by machines with manual control. 6.3 Apparatus for taking increments from liquid or semi-liquid
39、 products by manual or mechanical means Examples are a stirrer plunger, agitator, sampling bottle, sampling tube, zone sampler and dipper, of an appropriate size. 6.4 Cleanliness When taking, reducing, storing and handling samples, special care shall be taken to ensure that the properties of the sam
40、ples and the sampled lot are not affected. The sampling equipment shall be clean, dry and free from foreign odours. The material from which the sampling apparatus is made shall not influence the quality of the sample. Apparatus shall be cleaned thoroughly between samples. This is particularly import
41、ant when sampling feed with high oil content. Sampling personnel shall wear disposable gloves and dispose of them between samples so as not to contaminate the subsequent sample. ISO 6497:2002(E) 4 ISO 2002 All rights reserved7 Sample containers 7.1 General requirements The sample containers shall en
42、sure that the characteristics of the sample are maintained until testing is carried out. They shall be of such size that they are almost completely filled by the sample. They shall be capable of being sealed in such a way that it will not be possible to open and reseal them without this being detect
43、ed. 7.2 Cleanliness The sample containers shall be clean, dry and free from foreign odours. The material from which the sample containers are made shall not influence the quality of the sample. 7.3 Sample containers for solid products Sample containers for solid products and the lids of such contain
44、ers shall be made of waterproof and greaseproof material (for example glass, stainless steel, tin or a suitable plastics material), shall be wide-mouthed and preferably cylindrical, and shall be of a capacity appropriate to the size of the sample they are intended to contain. Suitable plastic bags a
45、re also acceptable. The containers shall be capable of secure and waterproof closure. If the samples are to be used for the determination of photosensitive substances, like vitamins A, D3, folic acid, B2 and C and slightly sensitive substances, like vitamins K3, B6 and B12, the containers shall be o
46、paque. 7.4 Sample containers for liquid and semi-liquid products Such containers shall be made of a suitable material (preferably glass or plastics material), of the appropriate capacity, capable of airtight closure and preferably dark-coloured. Note the requirements in 7.3 for samples which are to
47、be used for the determination of photosensitive substances. 8 Procedure 8.1 Sampling location If possible, sampling shall be carried out at places protected from adventitious contamination such as damp air, dust or soot. If possible, samples shall be taken during loading or unloading. If sampling ca
48、nnot be carried out whilst the material is in motion, the lot to be sampled shall be so arranged as to make each part accessible, so that representative laboratory samples are obtained. 8.2 Classification of products for the purpose of sampling For sampling purposes, animal feeding stuffs are classi
49、fied as follows: a) solid feeding stuffs grains, seeds, pulses and pellets; b) solid feeding stuffs meals and powders; c) roughages; d) licks and blocks; e) liquid or semi-liquid feeding stuffs. ISO 6497:2002(E) ISO 2002 All rights reserved 58.3 Sample size It is necessary to take a sufficient number of increments in order to obtain a sample representative of the lot sampled. The number of increments and their size are determined, in accordance with the sampling plan, by the size of the lot and the practicability of taking samples. The size o
