1、 Reference number ISO/TR 10809-1:2009(E) ISO 2009TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10809-1 First edition 2009-11-01 Cast irons Part 1: Materials and properties for design Fontes Partie 1: Matriaux et proprits pour la conception ISO/TR 10809-1:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces
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6、yright office Case postale 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2009 All rights reservedISO/TR 10809-1:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword .v Introductionvi 1 Scope1 2 Why
7、use cast irons as an engineering material?.1 2.1 Why use grey cast iron?.1 2.2 Why use spheroidal graphite cast iron?.2 2.3 Why use compacted cast iron? .2 2.4 Why use malleable cast iron? 2 2.5 Why use ausferritic cast iron? .2 2.6 Why use abrasion-resistant cast iron? .2 2.7 Why use austenitic cas
8、t iron?3 3 Commentary.3 3.1 Recent changes in standardization .3 3.2 General metallurgy of the cast irons .5 3.3 Section sensitivity and its effects on material properties.6 3.4 Understanding hardness 8 3.5 Heat treatment .8 3.6 Welding.9 4 ISO 185 Grey cast irons 9 4.1 Overview.9 4.2 Effect of stru
9、cture on properties .12 4.3 Metal composition and carbon equivalent12 4.4 Graphite form, distribution and size13 4.5 Section sensitivity.13 4.6 Effect of alloying elements.15 4.7 Heat treatment .15 4.8 Choosing the grade.16 5 ISO 1083 Spheroidal graphite cast irons 16 5.1 Overview.16 5.2 Effect of s
10、tructure on properties .17 5.3 Metal composition and carbon equivalent17 5.4 Graphite form and size18 5.5 Section sensitivity in spheroidal graphite cast iron 18 5.6 Effect of alloying elements.20 5.7 Matrix structure and resultant properties .20 5.8 Spheroidal graphite cast iron with high silicon c
11、ontent .21 5.9 Special case of impact-resistant grades.22 5.10 Heat treatment .22 5.11 Relationship between ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron and ferritic steel23 6 ISO 16112 Compacted (vermicular) graphite cast irons25 6.1 Overview.25 6.2 Why use compacted graphite cast iron? 26 6.3 Effect of
12、structure on properties .27 6.4 Metal composition and carbon equivalent27 6.5 Graphite form and size28 6.6 Section sensitivity in compacted graphite cast iron .28 6.7 Matrix structure and the resultant properties.29 6.8 Heat treatment .29 6.9 Choosing the grade.29 ISO/TR 10809-1:2009(E) iv ISO 2009
13、All rights reserved7 ISO 5922 Malleable cast irons 29 7.1 Overview.29 7.2 Metal composition and carbon equivalent32 7.3 Heat treatment32 7.4 Graphite form and size34 7.5 Mechanical property requirements and the influence of structure34 7.6 Impact properties.35 7.7 Section sensitivity .35 7.8 Choosin
14、g the grade .35 8 ISO 17804 Ausferrite spheroidal cast irons 36 8.1 Overview.36 8.2 Heat treatment process.38 8.3 Effects of alloying elements .40 8.4 Graphite form and size40 8.5 Matrix structure and the resultant properties.41 8.6 Section sensitivity .41 8.7 Special case of the impact grade.41 8.8
15、 Special case of the abrasion-resistant grades .41 8.9 Machinability 41 8.10 Choosing the grade .42 9 ISO 21988 Abrasion-resistant cast irons.42 9.1 Overview.42 9.2 Effects of structure on properties44 9.3 Chemical composition 45 9.4 Unalloyed and low-alloy cast irons45 9.5 Nickel-chromium cast iron
16、45 9.6 High-chromium cast iron 45 9.7 Influence of chemical composition on properties and performance .45 9.8 Section sensitivity .46 9.9 Heat treatment47 9.10 Choosing the material grade 48 10 ISO 2892 Austenitic cast irons .49 10.1 Overview.49 10.2 Effect of structure on properties50 10.3 Chemical
17、 composition and its effect .51 10.4 Effect of composition on carbon equivalent.52 10.5 Graphite form, distribution and size52 10.6 Heat treatment52 10.7 Choosing the material grade 53 Annex A (informative) Glossary of terms related to cast iron International Standards.54 Bibliography 56 ISO/TR 1080
18、9-1:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member
19、body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electr
20、otechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
21、 by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that whic
22、h is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides
23、 are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 10809-1 was prepared by Technical Committee I
24、SO/TC 25, Cast irons and pig irons. ISO/TR 10809 consists of the following parts, under the general title Cast irons: Part 1: Materials and properties for design Part 2: Welding ISO/TR 10809-1:2009(E) vi ISO 2009 All rights reservedIntroduction Worldwide cast iron production is in excess of 60 000 0
25、00 tonnes per annum. It is manufactured in a wide range of alloys and has applications in all sectors of world production and manufacture. Its use spans many industries, including automotive, oil, mining, etc. The technology of cast irons is not widely taught or understood around the globe. This par
26、t of ISO/TR 10809 is intended to provide information about cast iron materials so that users and designers are better able to understand cast iron as a design material in its own right and correctly specify cast iron for suitable applications. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 10809-1:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rig
27、hts reserved 1Cast irons Part 1: Materials and properties for design 1 Scope The purpose of this part of ISO/TR 10809 is to assist the designer and engineer in understanding the family of cast iron materials and to utilize them with a more complete knowledge of their potential, among the wide range
28、of other engineering materials and fabrication methods now available. A considerable amount of the data provided are metallurgical, but it is usually the metallurgical aspects of the cast irons that create misunderstandings when these materials are specified. This is because metallurgy is not one of
29、 the scientific disciplines taught to engineering students. Thus, such students often have a lack of knowledge regarding the fundamentals underpinning the material properties of cast irons. This part of ISO/TR 10809 suggests what can be achieved, what cannot be achieved and why, if and when cast iro
30、ns are specified. It is not designed to be a textbook of metallurgy. It is intended to help people to choose the correct material for the right reasons and also to help to obviate the specification or expectation of unrealistic additional requirements, which are unlikely to be met and which can be d
31、etrimental to the intended application. 2 Why use cast irons as an engineering material? The first questions that the designer and engineer will probably ask are: Can I use a cast iron? Should I use a cast iron? Which type and grade are applicable? What are the advantages? The following sub-clauses
32、give general information on the cast iron types currently standardized in International Standards. 2.1 Why use grey cast iron? Grey cast iron provides the largest worldwide tonnage of all cast irons produced, mainly because of its wide range of uses within general engineering, its ease of machining,
33、 and its cost advantage. The material has the highest thermal conductivity among the range of cast irons, which is why it is used in applications where this property is important. Typical examples are automotive parts such as brake drums, discs, clutch plates, and cylinder blocks and heads. Grey cas
34、t iron lacks ductility, but for parts where requirements for ductility and impact strength are low or unimportant, a huge range of applications can be found. These include, for example, the manufacture of machine tools such as lathe beds, where slideways can easily be surface hardened and the “self-
35、lubricating” properties of the material are advantageous. This highly versatile material should be considered for a potential application unless there are ductility issues, or the design requires ultimate strengths in excess of 300 N/mm 2 . ISO/TR 10809-1:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved2.2 Wh
36、y use spheroidal graphite cast iron? Spheroidal graphite cast iron has the benefit of ductility as well as strength, which is why it is often considered to be a material superior to grey cast iron. Its main disadvantage in this respect is that it does not have the thermal conductivity provided by gr
37、ey cast iron and is not normally used where this property is important. A large number of grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are available to the designer, based on the fact that as tensile strength increases, ductility decreases. Thus the designer has the opportunity to utilize different combi
38、nations of tensile/ductility properties, depending upon the application. The lower-strength grades with high ductility also have good impact properties and, for this reason, spheroidal graphite cast iron is increasingly being used to produce cast parts to replace steel fabrications. Large tonnages o
39、f spheroidal graphite cast iron are used to produce centrifugally cast pipe for water and sometimes gas transportation, but the majority is used in general engineering applications where its considerably higher tensile properties compared with grey cast iron are of advantage. 2.3 Why use compacted c
40、ast iron? Compacted graphite cast irons have applications as components which require additional strength, stiffness, and ductility over and above that offered by grey cast iron. Typical applications include cylinder blocks and heads, brake drums and brake discs, pump housings, hydraulic components,
41、 and cylinder liners. The benefits of the material are that it provides higher tensile strengths and some ductility in conjunction with thermal conductivity properties similar to those found in grey cast irons. 2.4 Why use malleable cast iron? There are two different types of malleable cast iron, bl
42、ackheart and whiteheart. The blackheart grades have properties similar to the spheroidal graphite cast irons and the materials have traditionally been considered interchangeable in most general engineering applications. The main advantage of blackheart malleable iron, compared with spheroidal graphi
43、te cast iron, is that it is easier to machine, because of the different metal composition. The whiteheart malleable grades are still used to produce traditional thin section castings, particularly fittings such as hinges and locks. Now, however, their uses are more usually confined to the production
44、 of thin section castings where the heat treatment process involved can be adjusted to completely decarburize the material. This is of considerable advantage to designers; it allows malleable whiteheart castings to be welded to steels as part of a fabrication process, because the whiteheart material
45、 possesses properties that are not dissimilar to the steel to which it is welded. 2.5 Why use ausferritic cast iron? The austempering heat treatment carried out on a normal spheroidal graphite cast iron enhances its properties to produce a range of grades with exceptionally high tensile strengths. T
46、he highest tensile strength grade also has a high hardness that allows it to be used in abrasion-resisting applications, the most common one being as digger teeth on earth-moving equipment. As with all spheroidal graphite cast iron materials, increases in tensile strength and hardness are accompanie
47、d by decreases in ductility. This allows for a wide range of properties that can be exploited, provided that their combination is applicable to the component design. Tensile strengths up to 1 400 N/mm 2 , hardness greater than 400 HBW, and tensile elongation up to 10 % are possible (although not all
48、 three simultaneously in the same grade of material). These mechanical properties also generate a high fatigue strength that is useful in gears and other components for use in a rotating/bending application. 2.6 Why use abrasion-resistant cast iron? The abrasion-resisting cast irons are a range of h
49、ard and tough materials that compete with other alloys such as manganese steel, mainly in the mining and extraction industries, in wear-resistant applications such as slurry pumps and in more generalized applications such as in the operation of shot-cleaning plants. Thus they are rightly considered to be a consumable item where the rate of wear, or operational life, is important in the decision-making process regarding the choice of material. Generally speaking, they tend to be less expensive and easier to manufacture than the abrasion-
