1、 Reference number ISO/TR 15658:2009(E) ISO 2009TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 15658 First edition 2009-08-01 Fire resistance tests Guidelines for the design and conduct of non-furnace-based large-scale tests and simulation Essais de rsistance au feu Lignes directrices pour la conception et la conduite dess
2、ais et de simulations large chelle non bass sur les fours ISO/TR 15658:2009(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobes licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to a
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7、SO 2009 All rights reservedISO/TR 15658:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3 Terms and definitions. 1 4 Test design requirements 2 4.1 General. 2 4.2 Ambient environmental conditions. 2 4.3 Size of the test assembly
8、 . 3 4.4 Construction of the test assembly 4 4.5 Test specimen . 5 4.6 Selection of heating conditions 6 4.7 Selection of ventilation conditions . 7 4.8 Selection of exhaust conditions 7 4.9 Selection of decay conditions (if controlled). 8 5 Test conditions . 8 5.1 Ambient conditions 8 5.2 Test cond
9、itions Thermal 9 5.3 Test conditions Pressure 9 5.4 Test conditions Mechanical 10 5.5 Timing of the test 10 5.6 Output measurements 10 5.7 Data recording and storage . 11 6 Test procedure 11 6.1 Ignition . 11 6.2 Safety procedures. 11 6.3 Monitoring . 11 6.4 Observations . 12 6.5 Termination and ext
10、inguishing . 12 6.6 Post-test analysis . 12 7 Test report . 12 7.1 Stating the objective. 12 7.2 Characterization of the experimental conditions 12 7.3 Expression of the results. 12 7.4 Description of the test specimen 13 7.5 Reporting Electronic media 13 7.6 Expression of the validity or field of a
11、pplication of the result. 13 Bibliography . 14 ISO/TR 15658:2009(E) iv ISO 2009 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally c
12、arried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the wor
13、k. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare Inter
14、national Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical commit
15、tee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature an
16、d does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rig
17、hts. ISO/TR 15658 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire Safety, Subcommittee SC 2, Fire Containment. ISO/TR 15658:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved vIntroduction The fire engineering community have often had to resort to non-furnace-based tests in order to establish certain characte
18、ristics of the fire behaviour of products, or constructions that cannot be obtained using standard methods. The reasons for these are many, including: a) size of the test element; b) interaction between components or elements; c) fire loads and heating rates; d) achievement of realistic levels of re
19、straint; e) realistic oxygen availability. Fire modelling is also being increasingly used to resolve the complex problems that many modern buildings produce. Currently, modelling is often limited by a lack of data and large-scale “natural” tests are increasingly being used to establish the missing i
20、nformation, and, by using the protocol described in this Technical Report, the quality, comparability and validity of the information/data should be significantly improved. Unfortunately, the design of such tests is often controlled by the availability of space, equipment, cost, environment, etc. an
21、d these sometimes compromise the scientific value of the experiment and make the results hard to compare with other experiments performed in other laboratories or countries. This lack of comparability has in the past prevented the value of the findings from being maximized. When an experiment has be
22、en set-up without adequate consideration of the objectives and the test parameters, it is difficult to apply a scientifically valid field of application to the result. As a consequence, the data of findings are frequently wrongly applied to constructions subsequent to the test. The objective of this
23、 Technical Report is to harmonize the approach to the design, performance and reporting of such experiments, in order to increase the possibility of comparing information and also to develop meaningful fields of application of the results. It is not the objective of this Technical Report to inhibit
24、the development of ad-hoc or natural tests, but more to encourage their development, while at the same time increasing their scientific value. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 15658:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 1Fire resistance tests Guidelines for the design and conduct of non-furnace-based large-sc
25、ale tests and simulation CAUTION The attention of all persons concerned with managing and carrying out this fire resistance test is drawn to the fact that fire testing may be hazardous and that there is a possibility that toxic and/or harmful smoke and gases can be evolved during the test. Mechanica
26、l and operational hazards may also arise during the construction of the test elements of structures, their testing and disposal of test residues. An assessment of all potential hazards and risks to health shall be made and safety precautions shall be identified and provided. Written safety instructi
27、ons shall be issued. Appropriate training shall be given to relevant personnel. Laboratory personnel shall ensure that they follow written safety instructions at all times. 1 Scope This Technical Report specifies procedures for the design, performance and reporting of fire tests which are not perfor
28、med using standardized test equipment, such as furnaces or test chambers, and which are primarily duration- or time-based. It is applicable to all “natural” fire tests, which set out to evaluate the behaviour of structural frames, rooms (or a suite of rooms forming part of a building), with respect
29、to fully developed fire conditions, regardless of whether or not the heat input is by means of natural sources, e.g. cribs or burners. It is not applicable to “reaction-to-fire” large-scale tests, which are primarily designed to evaluate materials and for which the heating rate is slower and the max
30、imum rate of heat release is lower than that which would occur at full development. In the context of this Technical Report “large” means tests in which the flame has a width of 1 m or more. This Technical Report is intended for use by the designers of fire tests (laboratories, regulatory authoritie
31、s and researchers) and for those responsible for disseminating the information and applying the results in practice. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated ref
32、erences, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13943, Fire safety Vocabulary 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 apply. ISO/TR 15658:2009(E) 2 ISO 2009 All rights reserved4 Test design
33、 requirements 4.1 General The difficulties experienced when testing “large” structures, e.g. space, cost, instrumentation and material handling equipment, often cause a desire to scale down the construction being tested. In fire testing, this is difficult because the response of the members forming
34、part of a construction varies considerably as a result of their mass. The thermal inertia of an element is a major influence on its thermal response. Similarly, when direct heating is used in an experiment, such as an item or items of furniture, timber cribs, or even gas burners, the size of the fla
35、me and the convective plume cannot meaningfully be scaled down commensurate with any proposed reduction in volume of the test chamber or the elements forming it. Reducing the size of the test assembly is often not an option when performing such tests. Where the experiment has to be scaled down in si
36、ze and where it can be demonstrated that the influence on the thermal response of the structure can be quantified, the largest influence that a reduction in size has is in respect of the time at which critical events happen. When reducing the size of an enclosure the behaviour is modelled more accur
37、ately if the heat losses can be made to reflect the actual conditions relative to the volume/area of the space. Any such change shall be quantified and recorded. Before commencing the design or construction of a test assembly, it is important for the designers to identify the objectives of the exper
38、iment as, in many cases, they define the scale and size of the construction being evaluated. The objectives shall form part of the test report. When designing and setting up an experiment involving a large-scale fire test, there are a number of test parameters capable of influencing the results of t
39、he test significantly. Many of these influences can be avoided if sufficient thought is given to the parameter when planning an experiment. If unavoidable, the influence can be anticipated and hence compensated for when performing the test and analysing the results. Guidance on the possible influenc
40、e of these factors is given in 4.2 to 4.9. The outcome of the analysis and the selection of the parameters used shall form part of the test characterization and shall be reported as proposed in 7.2. 4.2 Ambient environmental conditions 4.2.1 Air currents, magnitude and direction Air movement around
41、the construction, which either contains the fire or is the subject of the analysis, can seriously influence the experiment and the results obtained. Air flow directly onto ventilation apertures can produce a pressure within the cell or room which can influence the rate at which gases may egress thro
42、ugh gaps or apertures, possibly having a scouring effect. Air flow across or away from such a ventilation opening can create a vacuum on that face drawing gases out and possibly affecting the rate of burning due to a shortage in the supply of oxygen. Whilst still air produces the most neutral condit
43、ions, it is not easy to provide this for large-scale experiments due to the lack of buildings able to house fire tests of this size. Equally, still air conditions are not representative of the in-use conditions, where winds or draughts exist 90 % of the time. The ambient air movement conditions used
44、 in the test should be justified, whether still or moving, and if moving, the velocity and direction shall form part of that analysis. 4.2.2 Temperature Ambient temperature affects the time at which any temperature-sensitive material reaches its critical temperature, whether that is an ignition temp
45、erature or a phase change. If the ambient temperatures are unusually low, these temperatures are reached after an unrealistically long time, whereas if they are high, they can be reached unexpectedly early. The greater the mass of the temperature-sensitive material, the slower is the thermal respons
46、e. In an anticipated chain reaction, i.e. spread of fire from one object to another, the influence of temperature is compounded, each phase being influenced independently. ISO/TR 15658:2009(E) ISO 2009 All rights reserved 3The ambient temperature, not only at the beginning of the test, but for a per
47、iod prior to the test, which is related to the thermal inertia of the materials, shall be justified and related to the anticipated in-use conditions. Where in practice a wide range of temperatures can be expected, for instance from 5 C to +40 C, it can be necessary to perform separate tests at each
48、end of the anticipated scale, if the influence cannot be readily modelled. If it can, a mean temperature should be used. 4.2.3 Humidity The humidity of the air affects the moisture content of low-mass hygroscopic materials, which may influence their propensity to ignite and burn, if they form part o
49、f the construction being evaluated. Similarly, high moisture content and humidity can directly affect the characteristics of heat transfer and it is important to take the prevailing conditions into account when analysing the results. When timber (or other forms of cellulosic material) is being used as the fuel source, the moisture content affects the rate of heat release. Guidance on this subject can be found in the Loss Prevention Council Report TE 91338-40 6 . All fuel timber should be controlled to the required moisture conte
