1、 Reference number ISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) ISO 2007TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16312-2 First edition 2007-03-01 Guidance for assessing the validity of physical fire models for obtaining fire effluent toxicity data for fire hazard and risk assessment Part 2: Evaluation of individual physical fire models Li
2、gnes directrices pour valuer la validit des modles de feu physiques pour lobtention de donnes sur les effluents du feu en vue de lvaluation des risques et dangers Partie 2: valuation des diffrents modles de feu physiques ISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) PDF disclaimer This PDF file may contain embedded typefa
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7、 56 CH-1211 Geneva 20 Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11 Fax + 41 22 749 09 47 E-mail copyrightiso.org Web www.iso.org Published in Switzerland ii ISO 2007 All rights reservedISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved iii Contents Page Foreword iv Introduction v 1 Scope . 1 2 Normative references . 1 3
8、 Terms and definitions. 1 4 General principles. 1 4.1 Physical fire model . 1 4.2 Model validity 2 4.3 Test specimens . 2 4.4 Combustion conditions 2 4.5 Effluent characterization 2 5 Significance and use 2 6 Physical fire models . 3 6.1 Cup-furnace smoke-toxicity test method. 3 6.2 Radiant furnace
9、toxicity test method (United States) 5 6.3 Closed cabinet toxicity test (international) 8 6.4 Closed flask test (Israel) . 10 6.5 NES 713 (United Kingdom) 12 6.6 Japanese toxicity test. 14 6.7 Cone Calorimeter (International). 17 6.8 Flame propagation apparatus (United States) 19 6.9 University of P
10、ittsburgh tube furnace 21 6.10 Tube furnace (Germany) . 24 6.11 Tube furnace (France). 27 6.12 Tube furnace (United Kingdom) 29 Bibliography . 32 ISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) iv ISO 2007 All rights reservedForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of natio
11、nal standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. Internati
12、onal organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rul
13、es given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at
14、least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority vote of its partici
15、pating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the s
16、ubject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO/TR 16312-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 92, Fire safety, Subcommittee SC 3, Fire threat to people and environment. ISO 16312 consists of the following parts, under the general
17、title Guidance for assessing the validity of physical fire models for obtaining fire effluent toxicity data for fire hazard and risk assessment: Part 1: Criteria Part 2: Evaluation of individual physical fire models Technical Report ISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved v Introduction
18、Providing the desired degree of life safety for an occupancy increasingly involves an explicit fire hazard or risk assessment. This assessment includes such components as information on the room/building properties, the nature of the occupancy, the nature of the occupants, the types of potential fir
19、es, the outcomes to be avoided, etc. This type of determination also requires information on the potential for harm to people due to the effluent produced in the fire. Because of the prohibitive cost of real-scale product testing under the wide range of fire conditions, most estimates of the potenti
20、al harm from the fire effluent depend on data generated from a physical fire model, a reduced-scale test apparatus and procedure for its use. The role of a physical fire model for generating accurate toxic effluent composition is to simulate the essential features of the complex thermal and reactive
21、 chemical environment in full-scale fires. These environments vary with the physical characteristics of the fire scenario and with time during the course of the fire, and close representation of some phenomena occurring in full-scale fires can be difficult or even not possible at the small scale. Th
22、e accuracy of the physical fire model, then, depends on two features: a) degree to which the combustion conditions in the bench-scale apparatus mirror those in the fire stage being simulated; b) degree to which the yields of the important combustion products obtained from burning of the commercial p
23、roduct at full scale are matched by the yields from burning specimens of the product in the small-scale model. This measure is generally performed for a small set of products, and the derived accuracy is then presumed to extend to other test subjects. At least one methodology for effecting this comp
24、arison has been developed. 1This part of ISO 16312 provides a set of technical criteria for evaluating physical fire models used to obtain composition and toxic potency data on the effluent from products and materials under fire conditions relevant to life safety. This Technical Report comprises the
25、 application by experts of these criteria to currently used test methods that are used for generating data on smoke effluent from burning materials and commercial products. There are 12 physical fire models discussed in this part of ISO 16312. Additional apparatus can be added as they are developed
26、or adapted with the intent of generating information regarding the toxic potency of smoke. For the 12 models in this part of ISO 16312, the first five are closed systems. In these, no external air is introduced and the combustion (or pyrolysis) products remain within the apparatus except for the fra
27、ction removed for chemical analysis. The second seven are open apparatus, with air continuously flowing past the combusting sample and exiting the apparatus, along with the combustion products. To make use of this part of ISO 16312, it is necessary for the user to have present a copy of ISO 16312-1,
28、 which contains much of the context and definitions for the present document. It is also necessary to make reference to ISO 19701 33 , ISO 19702 34 , ISO 19703, ISO 13344 31 , and ISO 13571 32for discussions of analytical methods, bioassay procedures, and prediction of the toxic effects of fire effl
29、uents. TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 1 Guidance for assessing the validity of physical fire models for obtaining fire effluent toxicity data for fire hazard and risk assessment Part 2: Evaluation of individual physical fire models 1 Scope This part of ISO 16312
30、 assesses the utility of physical fire models that have been standardized, are commonly used and/or are cited in national or international standards, for generating fire effluent toxicity data of known accuracy. It does so using the criteria established in ISO 16312-1 and the guidelines established
31、in ISO 19706. The aspects of the models that are considered are the intended application of the model, the combustion principles it manifests, the fire stage(s) that the model attempts to replicate, the types of data generated, the nature and appropriateness of the combustion conditions to which tes
32、t specimens are exposed and the degree of validity established for the model. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the refe
33、renced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13943, Fire safety Vocabulary ISO 16312-1, Guidelines for assessing the validity of physical fire models for obtaining fire effluent toxicity data for fire hazard and risk assessment Part 1: Criteria ISO 19703, Generation and analysis of toxic
34、gases in fire Calculation of species yields, equivalence ratios and combustion efficiency in experimental fires 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 13943 and in ISO 19703 apply. 4 General principles 4.1 Physical fire model A physical fire
35、 model is characterized by the requirements placed on the form of the test specimen, the operational combustion conditions and the capability of analysing the products of combustion. ISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) 2 ISO 2007 All rights reserved4.2 Model validity For use in providing data for effluent toxici
36、ty assessment, the validity of a physical fire model is determined by the degree of accuracy with which it reproduces the yields of the principal toxic components in real-scale fires. 4.3 Test specimens Fire safety engineering requires data on commercial products or product components. In a reduced-
37、scale test, the manner in which a specimen of the product is composed can affect the nature and yields of the combustion products. This is especially the case for products of non-uniform composition, such as those consisting of layered materials. 4.4 Combustion conditions The yields of combustion pr
38、oducts depend on such apparatus conditions as the fuel/air equivalence ratio, whether the decomposition is flaming or non-flaming, the persistence of flaming of the sample, the temperature of the specimen and the effluent produced, the thermal radiation incident on the specimen, the stability of the
39、 decomposition conditions and the interaction of the apparatus with the decomposition process, with the effluent and the flames. 4.5 Effluent characterization 4.5.1 For the effluent from most common materials, the major acute toxic effects have been shown to depend upon a small number of major asphy
40、xiant gases and a somewhat wider range of inorganic and organic irritants. In ISO 13571 32 , a base set of combustion products has been identified for routine analysis. Novel materials can evolve previously unidentified toxic products. Thus, a more detailed chemical analysis can be needed in order t
41、o provide a full assessment of acute effects and to assess chronic or environmental toxicants. A bioassay can provide guidance on the importance of toxicants not included in the base set. ISO 19706 35contains a fuller discussion of the utility of bioassays. 4.5.2 It is essential that the physical fi
42、re model enable accurate determinations of chemical effluent composition. 4.5.3 It is desirable that the physical fire model accommodate a bioassay method. 4.5.4 The use of laboratory animals as test subjects is the only means of insuring inclusion of the impact of all combustion gases. However, it
43、is recognized that the adoption and use of protocols using laboratory animals can be prohibited in some jurisdictions. An animal-free protocol captures the effects of known combustion gases but misses the impact of any uncommon and highly toxic species, those smoke components that are most in need o
44、f identification. Laboratory studies to date have shown that lethality from smoke inhalation results from the combined effects of a small number of gases and that none of the missing gases is “supertoxic.” There are also data that indicate incapacitation results from half the lethal exposure for a w
45、ide range of todays materials, indicating that exotic gases do not affect incapacitation without affecting lethality as well. The decision to base hazard and risk assessments on analytical or animal-based measurements resides with the authority having jurisdiction. 5 Significance and use 5.1 Most co
46、mputational models of fire hazard and risk require information regarding the potential of fire effluent (gases, heat and smoke) to cause harm to people and to affect their ability to escape or to seek refuge. 5.2 The quality of the data on fire effluent has a profound effect on the accuracy of the p
47、rediction of the degree of life safety offered by an occupancy design. Uncertainty in such predictions commonly leads to the use of safety factors that can compromise functionality and increase cost. ISO/TR 16312-2:2007(E) ISO 2007 All rights reserved 3 5.3 Fire safety engineering requires data on c
48、ommercial products. Real-scale tests of such products generally provide accurate fire effluent data. However, due to the large number of available products, the high cost of performing real-scale tests of products and the small number of large-scale test facilities, information on effluent toxicity
49、is most often obtained from physical fire models. 5.4 There are numerous physical fire models cited in national regulations. These apparatus vary in design and operation, as well as in their degree of characterization. The assessments of these models in this part of ISO 16312 provide product manufacturers, regulators and fire safety professionals with insight into appropriate and inappropriate sources of fire effluent data for their defined purposes. 5.5 None of the models in this part of ISO 16312 is appropriate f
